Wax Precipitation and Deposition Risk: Issues on Ethics and Professionalism
Keywords:
Crude oil, Wax deposition, Pipeline, Ethics, ProfessionalismAbstract
The deposition of wax on pipelines causes problems that affect the oil production rate and the facilities. Several preventive and control measures were employed to manage this problem. However, there is no single technique that is hundred per cent effective for different fields. Therefore, this article provides new interpretation of the associated risk of the problem – such as the impact of ethical and professionalism on wax deposition. In a nutshell, this paper sheds more-light on the need for the implementation of sound engineering practices during pipeline design, construction, and operations to improve wax deposition risks, thereby reduces the associated remediation costs. The laboratory case study revealed that crude oil properties (WAT, PPT, API), standard operating conditions and procedures must be accurate and continuously updated throughout the production life cycle. The results showed that maintaining crude oil temperature above wax appearance temperature (30°C) and at a relatively high flow rate particularly within the turbulent flow region (7, 9 and 11 l/min) provides a safe and uninterrupted production of waxy crude oil (δwax ≈ 0 mm).
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