Crab (Brachyura) shell Acid and Alkali Treatments: Influence on Thermal and Structural Properties of Isolated Acetamide-Rich Natural Polymer
Keywords:
Activation energy, chitin, crab, demineralization, deproteinizationAbstract
Exoskeleton of crab comprises a dominating mineral (calcium carbonate, CaCO3), protein and a natural polymer (chitin). Chemical treatments have been employed at different instances to isolate pure chitin from different sources. It is thus necessary to investigate how this treatment will influence the features of chitin isolated from the same source (crab). In this study, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) were separately used to demineralize crab shell particles and this was followed by deproteinization with 0.4 and 1.2 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 100 0C. Results showed that chitin properties were influenced by concentrations of reagents. Fibrils of different forms and surface appearance were observed via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The highest crystallinity index of 71% was possessed by chitin extracted using 0.4 M HCl and NaOH while 65.5% remained the least displayed by chitin extracted with 1.2 M HCl and NaOH. This trend was similar for chitin’s thermal stability where Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results informed that using the highest concentrations of 1.2 M HCl and NaOH provided chitin with 80.12 kJ/mol activation energy. On the other hand, 112.54 kJ/mol was calculated for chitin isolated with the minimum demineralization and deproteinization reagents used in this study.
References
Abdulkarim, A.; M.T Isa; S.A. Abdulsalam; A.T. Muhammad and A.O. Ameh. (2013). Extraction and Characterisation of Chitin and Chitosan from Mussel Shell. Civil and Environmental Research, l3 (2): 108-114.
Akpan, E.I.; O.P. Gbenebor and S.O. Adeosun. (2018). Synthesis and Characterization of Chitin from Periwinkle(Tympanotonus Fusatus (L.)) and Snail (Lissachatina Fulica (Bowdich)) Shells. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 106:1080-1088.
Ali, M.; M.I. Shakeel and R. Mehmood. (2019). Extraction and Characterization of High Purity Chitosan by Rapid and Simple Techniques from Mud crabs Taken from Abbottabad. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 32(1): 171-175.
Amelia, R.; I. Indawati; N.M. Saptarini; J. Levita and S. A. Sumiwi. (2021). The Proximate Analysis and Spectral Profile of Chitin Extracted from the Shell of Portunus pelagicus Originated from Cirebon, Indonesia. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 14(3): 1755-1760.
Aranaz I.; M. Mengíbar; R. Harris; I. Paños; B. Miralles; N. Acosta; G. Galed and A. Heras. (2009). Functional Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan. Current Chemical Biology, 3: 203–230.
Broido, A. (1969). Simple, Sensitive Graphical Method of Treating Thermogravimetric Analysis Data. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Physics, 27: 1761– 1774.
Charoenvuttitham, P.; J. Shi and G.S. Mittal. (2006). Chitin Extraction from Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) Waste using Organic Acids. Separation Science and Technology, 41(6): 1135-1153.
Cui, J.; Z. Yu and D. Lau. (2016). Effect of Acetyl Group on Mechanical Properties of Chitin/Chitosan Nanocrystal: A Molecular Dynamics Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(1): 1-17.
Gbenebor, O.P.; S.O. Adeosun; G.I. Lawal and S. Jun. (2016). Role of CaCO3 in the Physicochemical Properties of Crustacean-Sourced Structural Polysaccharides. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 184: 203-209.
Gbenebor, O.P.; S.O. Adeosun; G.I. Lawal; S. Jun and S.A. Olaleye. (2017a). Acetylation, Crystalline and Morphological Properties of Structural Polysaccharide from Shrimp eEoskeleton. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20: 1155–1165.
Gbenebor, O.P.; E.I. Akpan and S.O. Adeosun. (2017b). Thermal, Structural and Acetylation Behavior of Snail and Periwinkle Shells Chitin. Progress in Biomaterials, 6: 97–111.
Gbenebor, O.P.; S.O. Adeosun; A.A Adegbite and M. Akinwande. (2018). Organic and Mineral acid Demineralizations:Effects on Crangon and Liocarcinus Vernalis –Sourced Biopolymer Yield and Properties. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 12(6): 837-845.
Gbenebor, O.P.; E.F. Ochulor; A.A. Shogunwa and S.O. Adeosun. (2022). Evaluation Studies of Hydrogen Bond, Crystallinity and Water Propensity of Treated Bambusa Vulgaris Cellulose Particles. Nigerian Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 7(1): 260-272.
Harkin, C.; N. Mehlmer; D.V. Woortman; T.B. Brück and W.M. Brück. (2019). Nutritional and Additive Uses of Chitin and Chitosan in the Food Industry. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 36, 35: 1-43.
Isa, M.A.; A.O. Ameh; J.O. Gabriel and K.K. Adama. (2012). Extraction and Characterization of Chitin from Nigerian Sources. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 21: 75 -81.
Islam, S.; M.A.R. Bhuiyan and M.N. Islam. (2017). Chitin and Chitosan: Structure, Properties and Applications in Biomedical Engineering. Journal of Polymer and the Environment, 25: 854–866.
Jang, M.K.; K. Byeong-Gi; J. Young-Il; H.L. Chang and N. Woon. (2004). Physicochemical Characterization of α-Chitin, β-chitin, and γ-Chitin Separated from Natural Resources. Journal of Polymer Science A1, 42: 3423–3432.
Juarez-de la Rosa, B.A.; J.M. Crespo; Q. Owen; W.S. Gónzalez-Gómez; J.M. Yañez-Limón and J.J. Alvarado-Gil. (2015). Thermal Analysis and Structural Characterization of Chitinous Exoskeleton from Two Marine Invertebrates. Thermochimica Acta, 610: 16–22.
Kittle, J.D. (2012). Characterization of Cellulose and Chitin Thin Films and Their Interactions with BioBbased Polymers. Dissertation submitted to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1 186.
Lim, M.B.B.; KA.V. Abadill; C.C Consuegra and H.R. Lim. (2021). Pulverized Blue Swimming Crab Shell Utilized as Partial Replacement for Sand in Concrete Mixture. The Palawan Scientist, 13(1): 31-43.
Malinovsky, F.G.; J.U. Fange and W.T.G. Willats. (2014). The Role of the Cell Wall in Plant Immunity. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5(178):1-12.
Rahman, M.A.; J. Halfar and R. Shinjo (2013). X-Ray Diffraction is a Promising Tool to Characterize Coral Skeletons. Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry, 3: 120-125.
Rahman, M.A. and J. Halfar. (2014). First Evidence of Chitin in Calcified Coralline Algae: New Insights into the Calcification Process of Clathromorphum Compactum. Scientific Reports, 1-11.
Rodriguez, J.L.D.; V.A.E. Barrios; K. OShirai and J.R.R. Mendez. (2009). Synthesis of a Chitin-Based Biocomposite for Water Treatment: Optimization for Fluoride Removal. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 130(8): 718-726.
Wang, X. and S. Uchiyama.(2013). Polymers for Biosensors Construction. INTECH, 67-86.
Yen, M.T.; J.H. Yang, and J.L. Mau. (2009). Physicochemical Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan from Crab Shells. Carbohydrate Polymers, 75: 15–21.
Younes, I. and Rinaudo, M. (2015). Chitin and Chitosan Preparation from Marine sources, Structure, Properties and Applications. Marine Drugs, 13: 1133-1174.
Zhao, Y.; R.D. Park and R.A.A.A Muzzarelli. (2010). Chitin Deacetylases: Properties and Applications. Marine Drugs, 8: 24-46.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Nigerian Journal of Technological Development
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
In accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976, which became effective January 1, 1978, the following statement signed by each author must accompany the manuscript submitted: "I, the undersigned author, transfer all copyright ownership of the manuscript referenced above to the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, in the event the work is published. I warrant that the article is original, does not infringe upon any copyright or other proprietary right of any third party, is not under consideration by another journal, and has not been published previously. I have reviewed and approve the submitted version of the manuscript and agree to its publication in the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development." A copyright transfer form should be downloaded from the NJTD Website ( http://njtd.com.ng/index.php/njtd). Author(s) will be consulted, whenever possible, regarding republication of material. All authors must have access to the data presented and the authors and sponsor (if applicable) must agree to share original data with the editor if requested.
