Description of Soft Sediment Deformational Structure of the Campano-Maastrichtian Gombe Formation of the Northern Benue Trough, N.E. Nigeria
Keywords:
Gombe, Sandstone, Gongola Basin, soft sediment Benue trough.Abstract
Several soft sediment deformational structures were identified during fieldwork survey carried out on
exposures of Gombe Formation in the Gongola sub–basin of the Northern Benue Trough at Gombe and environs. These soft sediment deformational structures includes: simple internal cusps, which occur wide spread across a single bed or intermittently across several beds, and slump structures that are represented by complex recumbent folds and concave upwards structures. These structures are proxy to syn-depositional energy operating within the depositional environment and this current research aims to evaluate their trigger mechanism. These deformational structures are commonly hosted in the mouth-bar deltaic sequences of the Gombe Formation. The deltaic setting is usually a locus for high sediment influx and accumulation. This may have generated high quantum of depositional energy which was probably responsible for the development of the syn-depositional soft sediment depositional structures in the Gombe Formation during Campano-Maastrichtian times.
References
Adegoke, O. S., R. E. Jan du Chew, A. E. Agumanu and P. O. Ajayi, (1978). Palynology and age of the Kerri-Kerri Formation, Nigeria, Revista Espanola Micropalacotologia 10: 2-283.
Allix, P. (1983). Environments Mesozoiques de la parite nord-orientale du fosse de la Benue (Nigeria) stratigraphie seimentologic evolution geodynamic. Trarause Laboratorie Science terre St. Jerome Marselles (B)21: 1-200.
Anand, A. and Jain, A. K. (1987). Earthquakes magnitude-frequency, epicentral distances and soft sediment deformation in sedimentary basins. Sedimentary Geology, 46: 67-75.
Benkhelil, J. (1989). The origin and evolution of the Cretaceous Benue Trough (Nigeria). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 8: 251-282.
Boggs, S. (1987). Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Maxwell Macmillan Intern. Publ. Co., New York.
Bose, P. K., S. Banerjee and S. Sakar, (1997). Slope controlled seismic deformation and tectonic framework of deposition: Koldaha Shales, India. Tectonophysics, 269: 151-169.
Carter, J. D., Barbers, W., Tait, E.A. and Jones, G.P., 1963. The Geology of parts of Adamawa, Bauchi and Borno provinces in North Eastern Nigeria. Bulletin of Geological Survey of Nigeria, 30: 1-99.
Dessauvagie, T. F. J. (1975). Explanatory notes to the geology map of Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology, 9: 3-28.
Dike, E. F. C., (2002). Sedimentation and Tectonics Evolution of the Upper Benue Trough and Bornu Basin, North-Eastern Nigeria. Nig. Min. Geosci. Soc. 38 Annual International Conference Port Harcourt 2002 Abstract Vol.
Dike, E. F. C., (1993). The Statigraphy and structure of the Kerri-Kerri Basin Northeastern Nigeria. Jour. Min. Geol.29, 2, 77-93.
Dike, E. F. C. and Onumara. I. S., (1999). Facies and facies architecture, and depositional environments of the Gombe Sandstone, Gombe and Environs, NE Nigeria. Abstr. Vol. Sci. Assoc. Nig. Annual Confer. Bauchi.
Grant, N. K., (1971). The South Atlantic Benue Trough and Gulf of Guinea Cretaceous Tripple Geol. Sci. of American. Bull. 82: 2295-2298.
Guiraud. M., (1990). Tectono-sedimenatry framework of the Early Cretacecous continental Bima Formation (Upper Benue Trough N.E. Nigeria). Jour. Afr. Earth Sci., 10: 41-353.
Guiraud, M. and Plazait, J., (1993). Seismites in the fluviatile Bima Sandstone: identification of paleomagnetism and discussion of their magnitudein a Cretaceous syn- sedimentary strike-slip basin (Upper Benue, Nigeria). Tectonophysics, 225: 493-522.
Jones, A. P. and Omoto, K. (2000). Towards establishing criteria for identifying trigger mechanism for soft sediment deformation: A case study of the Pleistocene lacusrine sands and clays, Onokibe and Nakayamadaira Basin, northeastern Japan. Sedimentology, 47: 1211-1226.
Kleverlan, K., (1987). Gordo megabeds: possible seismites in a Tortonian submarine fans, Tabernas Basin, Province Almaria southeast Spain. Sedimentary Geology, 51: 165-180.
Lawal, O. and Maullde, M., (1986). Palynological biostratgraphy of the Cretaceous sediment of the Upper Benue Basin N.E. Nigeria. Revenue Micropaleontologic, 29: 61-83.
Lowe, D.R., (1975). Water seepage in the coarse grained sediments. Sedimentology, 22:157-204.
Maltman, A.J., (1994). The geological deformation of sediments. Chapman and Hall, London.
Obermeier, S.F., (1996). Uses of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis. Engineering Geology, 44: 1-76.
Olade, M. A., (1974). Evolution of Nigerian’s Benue Trough (aulacogen): a tectonic model. Geological Magazine, 112: 575-583.
Owen, G., (1987). Deformed processes in unconsolidated sand In: M.E. Jones and R.M.E. Pieston (eds); Deformation of sediments and sedimentary rocks. Special Publication of Geological Society of London, 29: 11-14.
Owen, G., (1995). Soft sediment deformation in Upper Proterozoic Torridonian Sandstones, northwestern Scotland. J. Sediment. Res. A.65, 495-504.
Owen. G. (1996). Experimental soft sediment deformation structure formed by the liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient examples. Sedimentology, 43, pp. 279-293.
Popoff. M., Wiedmann, J. and De Klazz, I., (1986). The Upper Cretaceous Gongila and Pindiga Formations, North-eastern Nigeria. Subdivisions, age stratigraphic correlations and paleogeographic implications. Ecologea Geol. Helv., 79,343-363.
Rebelle, M. (1990). The marine transgression in the Benue Trough (NE Nigeria): a palaeogeographic interpretation of the Gongila Formation. Jour. Afric. Earth Sciences, 10: 643-655.
Samaila, N. K., Abubakar, M. B., Dike, E.F.C. and Obaje, N. G., (2006). Description of soft sediment structure in the Cretaceous Bima Sandstone from the Yola Arm, Upper Benue Trough, northeastern Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 44: 66-74.
Seilacher, A. (1984). Sedimentary structures tentatively attributes to seismites: Marine Geology, 5: 1-12.
Shettima, B., Dike, E.F.C., Abubakar, M. B. and Yusuf, A. V. (2007). Facies and facies architecture and depositional environments of the Cretaceous Yolde Formation in the Gongola Arm of the Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria. Nigeria. 43rd Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society (NMGS) Annual International Conference Akure. Abstract Vol, 9p.
Zaborski, P., Ugodunlunwa, F., Idornigie, A., Nnabo, P. and Ibe, K., (1997). Stratigraphy and structure of the Cretaceous Gongola Basin, Northeastern Nigeria. Elf Exploration Production, 21(1): 153-177.
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
In accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976, which became effective January 1, 1978, the following statement signed by each author must accompany the manuscript submitted: "I, the undersigned author, transfer all copyright ownership of the manuscript referenced above to the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, in the event the work is published. I warrant that the article is original, does not infringe upon any copyright or other proprietary right of any third party, is not under consideration by another journal, and has not been published previously. I have reviewed and approve the submitted version of the manuscript and agree to its publication in the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development." A copyright transfer form should be downloaded from the NJTD Website ( http://njtd.com.ng/index.php/njtd). Author(s) will be consulted, whenever possible, regarding republication of material. All authors must have access to the data presented and the authors and sponsor (if applicable) must agree to share original data with the editor if requested.
