Assessment of Canna indica, Hymenachne amplexicaulis and Rynchospora corymbosa Potential for Aquaculture Effluent Treatment Under Different Hydraulic Retention Times in a Batch-Flow Constructed Wetland
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63746/njtd.v22i3.2931Keywords:
Aquaculture Effluent, Constructed Wetlands , Hydraulic Retention time, Macrophyte, Removal Efficiency, PhytoremediationAbstract
Constructed wetlands (CW) offer an eco-friendly solution for treating aquaculture effluent using macrophytes. The effectiveness of different plant species in phytoremediation and optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT) for pollutant removal remain unclear. This study compared the phytoremediation potential of Canna indica (Ci), Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Ha), and Rynchospora corymbosa (Rc) in aquaculture effluent treatment under 3-, 4-, and 5-day HRT in a batch-flow CW. Twelve pilot-scale horizontal sub-surface flow CWs were set up, receiving 0.04 m³/day effluent. Effluent samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids TDS, Biological Oxygen Demand BOD5, Chemical Oxygen Demand COD, Total Nitrogen TN, Total Phosphorus TP, Lead Pb, Zinc Zn, and data were processed using two-way ANOVA (?0.05). Ha and Rc showed high removal efficiency (RE) for COD (75.9–97.8%), BOD (43.1–81.1%), and TP (79.6–81.3%) at HRT5. Rc significantly removed pH, BOD, TP, and Zn. CW efficiency improved with plant root development of macrophyte, requiring extended retention for optimal treatment.
References
Abdelhakeem, S.G.; S.A. Aboulroos and M.M. Kamel. (2016). Performance of a vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland under different operational conditions. Journal of Advanced Research, 7(5), pp 803-814.
Adabembe, B.A.; J.T. Fasinmirin; O.O. Olanrewaju and O.T.Faloye. (2022). Hydro-physical, hydrophobicity and chemical characterization of drip irrigated soil using aquaculture wastewater under sweet pepper/okra intercrop. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 53(18), pp 2460-2475.
Ahmad, A.; S.R.S. Abdullah; H.A. Hasan; A.R. Othman and N.I. Ismail. (2021). Aquaculture industry: Supply and demand, best practices, effluent and its current issues and treatment technology. Journal of Environmental Management, 287: 112271.
Ahmad, A.L.; J.Y. Chin; M.H.Z.M. Harun and S.C. Low. (2022). Environmental impacts and imperative technologies towards sustainable treatment of aquaculture wastewater: A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 46: 102553.
Akinbile, C.O. and Yusoff, M.S. (2012). Assessing Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and lettuce (Pistia Stratiotes) effectiveness in aquaculture wastewater treatment. International Journal of Phytoremediation, January 2012: 201-211.
APHA. (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 10-15.
Borgulat, J.; K. Ponikiewska; L. Ja?owiecki; A. Struga?a-Wilczek and G. P?aza. (2022). Are wetlands as an integrated bioremediation system applicable for the treatment of wastewater from underground coal gasification processes?. Energies, 15(12), pp 4419.
Bouchard, E.; G. Sonnier; S. Pierre; A. Saha; V. Sclater and E. Boughton. (2020). Landscape factors driving the spread of the invasive grass, Hymenachne amplexicaulis, among wetlands in a Florida subtropical grazing land. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 13, 155 - 162. https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2020.16.
Bijekar, S.; H. Padariya; V. Yadav; A. Gacem; M. Hasan; N. Awwad; K. Yadav; S. Islam; S. Park and Jeon, B. (2022). The State of the Art and Emerging Trends in the Wastewater Treatment in Developing Nations. Water.
Biswal, B. and Balasubramanian R. (2022). Constructed Wetlands for Reclamation and Reuse of Wastewater and Urban Stormwater: A Review. 10.
Biswas, J.K. and Rana S. (2014). Treatment Wetlands as Ecotechnological Tools for Regenerative Reclamation of Wastewater: Experiences from Working with Kalyani Model. Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, 2(1), pp 23-26.
Clarkson, J.R.; M. Karan and D.S. Evans. (2011). A report of hybridisation in Hymenachne (Poaceae, Panicoideae) with description of Hymenachne× calamitosa, a new species of hybrid origin from tropical Australia. Telopea, 13(1-2), pp 105-114.
Dawood, M.A.; M. Alagawany and H. Sewilam. (2021). The role of zinc microelement in aquaculture: A review. Biological Trace Element Research, pp 1-13.
De, D. (2016). Hymenachne acutigluma (Steud.) Gilliland in GBS 20:314 - An exceptionally important perennial grass for anatomy and indigenous practice. International Journal of Bioassays, 5, pp 4958-4960.
De Castro, M.; J. Baptista; C. Matos; A. Valente; and Briga-Sá, A. (2024). Energy efficiency in winemaking industry: Challenges and opportunities. Science of the Total Environment, pp 172383.
Deng, S.; J. Chen and Chang J. (2021). Application of biochar as an innovative substrate in constructed wetlands/biofilters for wastewater treatment: Performance and ecological benefits. Journal of Cleaner Production, 293, pp 126156..
Diana, J.S.; J.P. Szyper, T.R. Batterson, C.E. Boyd and R.H. Piedrahita. (2017). Water quality in ponds. Dynamics of Pond Aquaculture, 53-71.
Elemile, O.O.; D.O. Raphael; E.O. Omole; E.O. Oloruntoba; E.O. Ajayi and N.A. Ohwavborua. (2019). Assessment of the impact of abattoir effluent on the quality of groundwater in a residential area of Omu-Aran, Nigeria. Environmental Sciences Europe, 31, pp 1-10.
Ewemoje, O.E. and Sangodoyin, A.Y. (2011). Developing a Pilot Scale Horizontal Sub Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands for Phytoremediation of Primary Lagoon Effluents. In: D. Thevenot (ed.), 11th edition of the World Wide Workshop for Young Environmental Scientists (WWW-YES-2011) - Urban Waters: Resource or risks, Arcueil, France, 1-13.
Ewemoje, O.E.; A.Y. Sangodoyin and A.T. Adegoke. (2015). On the Effect of Hydraulic Retention Time and Loading Rates on Pollutant Removal in a Pilot Scale Wetland. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, 8(2), pp 342-355.
Ewemoje, O.E.; L. Semprini; B.D. Wood; A.Y. Sangodoyin and T.S. Radniecki. (2023). Effectiveness of the tropical plants Rhynchospora corymbosa and Coix lacrymal-jobi in vertical flow constructed wetlands for municipal primary sewage effluent treatment. International Journal of Phytoremediation, pp 1-16.
Gbadegesin, A. and Olabode, M.A. (2000). Soil properties in the metropolitan region of Ibadan, Nigeria: Implications for the management of the urban environment of developing countries. Environmentalist, 20, pp 205-214.
Gunarathan, M.H.J.P.; A.I. Ranasinghe; S.C. Rathnayake and T.K. De Costa. (2016). Can Canna indica be used as a phytoremediation agent in mitigating high pollution concentration in reverse osmosis concentrate? Journal of Advances in Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, 3(1), pp 52-56.
Halilu, A. and Ahaneku I. E. (2010). Impact of waste water on irrigation water quality in Minna, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, 7(1), pp 31-37.
Hamid, M.; S. Ismail and M. Mansor. (2021). Overview of Macrophytes in the Tropical Wetland Ecosystem. https://doi.org/10.51264/inajl.v2i1.12.
Hidayati, N. and Rini D.S. (2020). Evaluation of wild plants as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) accumulators for phytoremediation of contaminated rice fields. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(5).
Huang, J.; F. Yuan; G. Zeng; X. Li; Y. Gu; L. Shi; W. Liu and Y. Shi. (2017). Influence of pH on heavy metal speciation and removal from wastewater using micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration. Chemosphere, 173, pp 199-206.
Idris, S.M.; P.L. Jones; S.A. Salzman; G. Croatto and G. Allinson. (2012). Evaluation of the giant reed (Arundo donax) in horizontal subsurface flow wetlands for the treatment of dairy processing factory wastewater. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19(8), pp 3525-3537. doi:10.1007/s11356-012-0914-0.
Kafle, A.; A. Timilsina; A. Gautam; K. Adhikari; A. Bhattarai and N. Aryal. (2022). Phytoremediation: Mechanisms, plant selection and enhancement by natural and synthetic agents. Environmental Advances, 8, 100203.
Karki, B. K. (2024). Review on applicability of constructed wetlands in the South Asian region focusing on roles of media, macrophytes, and microbes, pre-treatment and post-treatment. Urban Water Journal, 21(9), pp 1043-1055.
Kibbler, H. and Bahnisch, L.M. (1999). Physiological adaptations of Hymenachne amplexicaulis to flooding. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 39(4), pp 429-435.
Ilyas, H.; I. Masih and E.D. van Hullebusch. (2021). Prediction of the removal efficiency of emerging organic contaminants based on design and operational parameters of constructed wetlands. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(1), pp 104592.
Liu, X.; Z. Shao; G. Cheng; S. Lu; Z. Gu; H. Zhu; H. Shen; J. Wang and X. Chen. (2021). Ecological engineering in pond aquaculture: a review from the whole?process perspective in China. Reviews in Aquaculture, 13(2), pp 1060-1076.
Ogundipe, F. O.; M. Saidu; A.S. Abdulkareem and A.O. Busari. (2023). Removal of heavy metals from domestic wastewater using Beneficiated Kaolin Clay, Silver Oxide and zinc Oxide nanocomposite. Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, 20(3), pp 97-112.
Olawale, O.; D.O. Raphael, C.O. Akinbile and K. Ishuwa. (2021). Comparison of heavy metal and nutrients removal in Canna indica and Oryza sativa L. based constructed wetlands for piggery effluent treatment in north-central Nigeria. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 23 (13), pp 1382-1390.
Pulkkinen, J.T.; A.K. Ronkanen; A. Pasanen; S. Kiani; T. Kiuru; J. Koskela; P. Lindholm-Lehto; A.J. Lindroos; M. Muniruzzaman; L. Solismaa and B. Klöve. (2021). Start-up of a “zero-discharge” recirculating aquaculture system using woodchip denitrification, constructed wetland, and sand infiltration. Aquacultural Engineering, 93, 102161.
Qasaimeh, A.; H. AlSharie and T. Masoud. (2015). A review on constructed wetlands components and heavy metal removal from wastewater. Journal of Environmental Protection, 6(7), pp 710-723.
Rabello, V.M.; L.C.R.S. Teixeira; A.P.V. Gonçalves and A.L. de Sá Salomão. (2019). The efficiency of constructed wetlands and algae tanks for the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs): A systematic review. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 230(10), pp 236.
Raphael, D.O.; C.O. Akinbile; O.M. Abioye; D.A. Olasehinde; M. Ogunremi and O.M. Bolarin. (2023). Heavy metals and nutrients removal in a batch-fed greywater treatment system planted with Canna indica and Oryza sativa L. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 58(8), pp 773-781.
Saha, P.; O. Shinde and S. Sarkar. (2017). Phytoremediation of industrial mines wastewater using water hyacinth. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 19(1), pp 87-96.
Sandoval-Herazo, L.C.; A. Alvarado-Lassman; J.L. Marín-Muñiz; J.M. Méndez-Contreras and S.A. Zamora-Castro. (2018). Effects of the use of ornamental plants and different substrates in the removal of wastewater pollutants through microcosms of constructed wetlands. Sustainability, 10(5), pp 1594.
Shruthi, R. and Shivashankara, G.P. (2022). Effect of HRT and seasons on the performance of pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland to treat rural wastewater. Water Practice and Technology, 17(1), pp 445-455.
Singh, S.; A. Kaushik; A. Bendi; A. Chetal; D.S. Ramakrishna and P.L. Praveen. (2024). Constructed wetlands as bioeconomic solutions: rhizofiltration with macrophytes for heavy metal removal. Emergent Materials, 1-9.
Suantika, G.; M.L. Situmorang; F.I. Saputra; S.L.E. Putri; S.P. Putri; P. Aditiawati and E. Fukusaki. (2020). Metabolite profiling of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei from super-intensive culture in closed aquaculture systems: A recirculating aquaculture system and a hybrid zero water discharge–recirculating aquaculture system. Metabolomics, 16, pp 1-11.
Ting, W.H.T.; I.A.W. Tan; S.F. Salleh and N.A. Wahab. (2018). Application of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for phytoremediation of ammoniacal nitrogen: A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 22, pp 239-249.
World Health Organization. (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater, V.2 Wastewater use in agriculture. France: World Health Organization.
Yalcuk, A. and Ugurlu A. (2009). Comparison of horizontal and vertical constructed wetland systems for landfill leachate treatment. Journal of Bioresource Technology, 100, pp 2521-2526.
Zhang, Y.; X. You; S. Huang; M. Wang and J. Dong. (2022). Knowledge atlas on the relationship between water management and constructed wetlands—A bibliometric analysis based on citeSpace. Sustainability, 14(14), pp 8288.
Zhang, X.Y.; X. Li; Q.J. Han; K. Ju; D.Y. Wei; Y.Q. Sun and Q. Wan. (2021). Effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and packing height on the performance of homemade ceramsite-soil constructed wetland for rural domestic wastewater treatment. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 30, pp 4845-4854.
Zhao, Y.; B. Ji; R. Liu; B. Ren and T. Wei. (2020). Constructed treatment wetland: Glance of development and future perspectives. Water Cycle, 1, pp 104-112.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Nigerian Journal of Technological Development
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
In accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976, which became effective January 1, 1978, the following statement signed by each author must accompany the manuscript submitted: "I, the undersigned author, transfer all copyright ownership of the manuscript referenced above to the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, in the event the work is published. I warrant that the article is original, does not infringe upon any copyright or other proprietary right of any third party, is not under consideration by another journal, and has not been published previously. I have reviewed and approve the submitted version of the manuscript and agree to its publication in the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development." A copyright transfer form should be downloaded from the NJTD Website ( http://njtd.com.ng/index.php/njtd). Author(s) will be consulted, whenever possible, regarding republication of material. All authors must have access to the data presented and the authors and sponsor (if applicable) must agree to share original data with the editor if requested.
