Polychlorinated Biphenyl Levels and Associated Health Risks in Indoor Atmosphere of Beauty Salons
Keywords:
Indoor air, cancer risk, hazard quotient, source apportionment, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)Abstract
Exposure to high concentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) has negative impacts on human wellbeing and the climate. This study determined the concentration, sources and health risks of PCBs in selected beauty shops in Ilorin, Kwara state. Air samples from fourteen beauty salons were taken using Solvent-Impregnated Polyurethane Foam (SIP-PUF) passive samplers for 30 days. The concentration of PCBs was determined with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) operated in a Selected Ionization Mode (SIM). The health risk assessment of the PCBs was estimated using the Toxicity Equivalence Quotient (TEQ), Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR), and Hazard Quotient (HQ) prescribed by United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) method was used in the source apportionment study. The average concentration of the PCBs ranged from 0.11–3.32 µg/m3. The average TEQs for the PCBs in the beauty salon ambient air ranged between 2.96 × 10−1 - 9.30 × 10−1 ng WHO-TEQ/m3. ILCRs and HQs estimated for the beauty shops considered were lower than 10-6 and 1 (USEPA set limit) for both adults and children. Eight factors were identified to be associated with the PCB sources; the most predominant sources are combined paint and pigment and mixed sources, which accounted for 20.08 and 28.91% of the total PCBs, respectively
References
REFERENCES
Abdulraheem, M. O., Adeniran, J. A., Ameen, H. A., Odediran, E. T., Yusuf, M.-N. O., & Abdulraheem, K. A. (2022). Source identification and health risk assessments of heavy metals in indoor dusts of Ilorin, North central Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 20(1), 315-330.
Adesina, O. A., Ezengwa, I., Abdulraheem, K. A., Adewole, a., & Oyetunji, O. (2023). Soil concentration of polychlorinated Biphenyls in a typical Nigerian Uniiversity environment and its risk assessment. Case studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 7, 100343.
Adesina, O. A., Nwogu, A. S., Lala, M. A., Adeyemo, A., & Sonibare, J. A. (2021). Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl in indoor environment of public bars and its health implications. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 193(605), 1-9.
Adesina, O. A., Nwogu, A. S., Lala, M. A., Adeyemo, A. T., & Sonibare, J. A. (2021). Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl in indoor environment of public bars and its health implications. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193, 1-8.
Akinrinade, O. E., A., S. W., Abou-Elwafa, A. M., Ayejuyo, O., Alani, R., & Harrad, S. (2021). Concentrations of halogenated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in house dust from Lagos, Nigeria. Environmental Science Processes & Impacts, 23, 1696–1705.
Altshul, L., Covaci, A., & Hauser, R. (2004). The relationship between levels of PCBs and pesticides in human hair and blood: preliminary results. Environmental health perspectives, 112(11), 1193-1199.
Ana, G. R., Alli, A. S., Uhiara, D. C., & Shendell, D. G. (2019). Indoor air quality and reported health symptoms among hair dressers in salons in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Health & Safety, 1(1), 1-8.
Andersen, H. V., & Frederiksen, M. (2021). Sorption of PCB from air to settled house dust in a contaminated indoor environment. Chemosphere, 266, 129139.
Bennitt, F., Wozniak, S., Causey, K., Burkart, K., & Brauer, M. (2021). Estimating disease burden attributable to household air pollution: new methods within the Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet Global Health, 9, S18.
Bräuner, E. V., Andersen, Z. J., Frederiksen, M., Specht, I. O., Hougaard, K. S., Ebbehøj, N., . . . Longnecker, M. P. (2016). Health effects of PCBs in residences and schools (HESPERUS): PCB–health cohort profile. Scientific reports, 6(1), 24571.
Damilare, O. T. (2021). Assessment of domestic solid waste recycling in ilorin south LGA, Kwara state Unilversity of Ilorin]. ilorin.
Devi, N. L., Yadav, I. C., Chakraborty, P., & Shihua, Q. (2018). Polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soil from North-East India: Implication for sources apportionment and health-risk assessment. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 75, 377-389.
Donato, F., Moneda, M., Portolani, N., Rossini, A., Molfino, S., Ministrini, S., . . . Magoni, M. (2021). Polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the population living in a highly polluted area in Italy. Scientific reports, 11(3064), 1-9.
Du, Y., Gao, B., Zhou, H., Ju, X., Hao, H., & Yin, S. (2013). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in road dusts in urban parks of Beijing, China. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 18, 299-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.04.039
Evtyugina, M., Vicente, E. D., Vicente, A. M., Nunes, T., Lucarelli, F., Calzolai, G., . . . Castro, A. (2021). Air quality and particulate matter speciation in a beauty salon and surrounding outdoor environment: Exploratory study. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 12(11), 101174.
Folarin, B. T., Poma, G., Yin, S., Altamirano, J. C., Oluseyi, T., Badru, G., & Covaci, A. (2024). Assessment of legacy and alternative halogenated organic pollutants in outdoor dust and soil from e-waste sites in Nigeria: Concentrations, patterns, and implications for human exposure. Environmental pollution, 342, 123032.
Foss‐Skiftesvik, M. H., Winther, L., Johnsen, C. R., Søsted, H., Mosbech, H. F., Zachariae, C., & Johansen, J. D. (2017). High occurrence of rhinitis symptoms in hairdressing apprentices. International forum of allergy & rhinology,
Güzel, B., Çetintürk, K., Canlı, O., & Karademir, A. (2024). Spatial distribution, source identification, and risk assessment of polychlorinated organic pollutants (PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs) in the sediments of the largest urban water supply area (Iznik lake) in the Marmara region, Bursa, Türkiye. Catena, 234, 107566.
Hammel, S. C., Andersen, H. V., Knudsen, L. E., & Frederiksen, M. (2023). Inhalation and dermal absorption as dominant pathways of PCB exposure for residents of contaminated apartment buildings. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 247, 114056.
Herrero, M., Gonzalez, N., Roviva, J., Marques, M., Domingo, J., Abalos, M., . . . Nadal, M. (2022). Health risk assesment of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in baby clothes. A preliminary study. Environmental pollution, 307, 119506.
Holland, & Pessah. (2021). Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls neurotoxic equivalents found in environmental and human sa,ples. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 120, 104842.
IARC. (2011). International Agency for Research on Cancer Agent Classified by the IARC Monograph.
Iwegbue, C. M., Eyengho, S. B., Egobueze, f. E., Odali, E. W., Tesi, G. O., Nwajei, G., & Martincigh, B. S. (2019). Polybrominated diphemyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor dust from electronic repair workshops in sothern Nigeria: Implications for onsite human exposure. Science of the Total Environment, 671, 914-927.
Lee, R. G., Coleman, P., Jones, J. L., Jones, K. C., & Lohmann, R. (2005). Emission factors and importance of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PCNs, PAHs and PM10 from the domestic burning of coal and wood in the UK. Environmental science & technology, 39(6), 1436-1447.
Liu, R., Lin, Y., Liu, R., Hu, F., Ruan, T., & Jiang, u. (2016). Evaluation of two passive samplers for the analysis of organophosphate esters in the ambient air. Talanta, 147, 69-75.
Lopez, A., Coscolla, C., Hernandez, C. S., Pardo, O., & Yusa, V. (2020). Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in the ambient air of the Valencian Region (Spain): Levels, human exposure, and risk assessment. Chemosphere, 30(40).
López, A., Coscollà, C., Hernández, C. S., Pardo, O., & Yusà, V. (2021). Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in the ambient air of the Valencian Region (Spain): Levels, human exposure, and risk assessment. Chemosphere, 267, 128902.
Mahmoodi, M., Arfaeinia, H., Fazlzadeh, M., Soleimani, F., Samaei, M. R., Arfaeinia, L., . . . Baghmollaie, M. M. (2023). Urinary levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in female beauticians and their association with urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress/inflammation and kidney injury. Science of the Total Environment, 878, 163099.
Makokha, V. A., Ndung’u, A. W., Mungai, T. M., Yan, X., & Wang, J. (2018). Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment of organohalogen compounds in soils from Kiambu to Mombasa, Kenya. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 101, 766-772.
Malina, N., Mazlova, E. A., & Kulikova, O. (2020). Markers of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) degradation in highly contaminated soil of Central Russia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 36587-36595.
Manousakas, M., Papaefthymiou, H., Diapouli, E., Migliori, A., Karydas, A., Bogdanovic-Radovic, I., & Eleftheriadis, K. (2017). Assessment of PM2. 5 sources and their corresponding level of uncertainty in a coastal urban area using EPA PMF 5.0 enhanced diagnostics. Science of the total environment, 574, 155-164.
Megson, D., Benoit, N., Sandau, C., Chaudhuri, S., Long, T., Coulthard, E., & Johnson, G. (2019). Evaluation of the effectiveness of different indicator PCBs to estimating total PCB concentrations in environmental investigations. Chemosphere, 237, 124429.
Men, C., Liu, R., Xu, F., Wang, Q., Guo, L., & Shen, Z. (2018). Pollution characteristics, risk assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals in road dust in Beijing, China. Science of The Total Environment, 612, 138-147.
Montano, L., Pironti, C., Pinto, G., Ricciardi, M., Buono, A., Brogna, C., . . . Motta, O. (2022). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment: occupational and exposure events, effects on human health and fertility. Toxics, 10(7), 365.
Odediran, E. T., Adeniran, J. A., Yusuf, R. O., Abdulraheem, K. A., Adesina, O. A., Sonibare, J. A., & Du, M. (2021). Contamination levels, health risks and source apportionment of potentially toxic elements in road dusts of a densely populated African City. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 15, 100445.
Ohlhoff, B., Savvateeva, D., Leisner, J., Hartmann, F., Südekum, K.-H., Bernsmann, T., . . . Röhe, I. (2022). Transfer of Non-Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (ndl-PCBs) from Feed and Soil into Hen Eggs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 70(29), 8955-8962.
Othman, N., Ismail, Z., Selamat, M. I., Sheikh Abdul Kadir, S. H., & Shibraumalisi, N. A. (2022). A Review of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Pollution in the Air: Where and How Much Are We Exposed to? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 13923.
Rocha, M. J. a., Ribeiro, A. B., Campos, D., & RochaEduardo. (2021). Temporal-spatial survey of PAHs and PCBs in the Atlantic Iberian northwest coastline, and evaluation of their sources and risks for both humans and aquatic organisms. Chemosphere, 279(130506), 1-15.
Saha, A., Gupta, B. S., Patidar, S., & Martínez-Villegas, N. (2022). Estimating Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Surface Soil Based on a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) Model around Cerrito Blanco in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Proceedings,
Sari, M. F., Esen, F., Del Aguila, D. A. C., & Karakus, P. B. K. (2020). Passive sampler derived polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in indoor and outdoor air in Bursa, Turkey: Levels and an assessment of human exposure via inhalation. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 11(6), 71-80.
Sedha, S., Kumar, S., & Shukla, S. (2015). Role of Oxidative Stress in Male Reproductive Dysfunctions with Reference to Phthalate Compounds. Urology journal, 12(5).
Senthong, P., & Wittayasilp, S. (2021). Working conditions and health risk assessment in hair salons. Environmental Health Insights, 15, 11786302211026772.
Shen, H., Han, J., Guan, R., Cai, D., Zheng, Y., Meng, Z., . . . Wu, Y. (2022). Use of different endpoints to determine the bioavailability of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Sprague–Dawley rats. Scientific reports, 12(1), 20433.
Shen, M., Liu, G., Zhou, L., Yin, H., & Arif, M. (2023). Comparison of pollution status and source apportionment for PCBs and OCPs of indoor dust from an industrial city. Environmental geochemistry and health, 45(5), 2473-2494.
Shoeib, M., Harner, T., Lee, S. C., Lane, D., & Zhu, J. (2008). Sorbent-Impregnated Polyurethane Foam Disk for Passive Air Sampling of Volatile Fluorinated Chemicals. Analytical Chemistry, 80(3), 675-682.
Sonne, C., Xia, C., Dadvand, P., Targino, A. C., & Lam, S. S. (2022). Indoor volatile and semi-volatile organic toxic compounds: Need for global action. Journal of Building Engineering, 62, 105344.
USEPA. (2001). Risk assessment guidance for superfund (RAGS), vol III—Part A, process for conducting probabilistic risk assessment. Office of emergency and remedial response, Washington, DC.
USEPA. (2011). Exposure factors handbook: 2011 edition. In: USEPA Office of Research and Development Washington.
Wang, Q., Yan, S., Chang, C., Qu, C., Tian, Y., Song, J., & Guo, J. (2023). Occurrence, Potential Risk Assessment, and Source Apportionment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Water from Beiluo River. Water, 15(3), 459.
Wang, Y., Guo, G., Zhang, D., & Lei, M. (2021). An integrated method for source apportionment of heavy metal (loid) s in agricultural soils and model uncertainty analysis. Environmental pollution, 276, 116666.
WHO. (2018). Indoor Air Pollution. Geneva, swizerland.
Yu, Y., Li, Q., Wang, H., Wang, B., Wang, X., Ren, A., & Tao, S. (2015). Risk of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A case study in Beijing, China. Environmental pollution, 205, 70-77.
Yurdakul, S., Çelik, I., Çelen, M., Öztürk, F., & Cetin, B. (2019). Levels, temporal/spatial variations and sources of PAHs and PCBs in soil of a highly industrialized area. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(4), 1227-1238.
Zhang, S., Zhang, Q., Darisaw, S., Ehie, O., & Wang, G. (2007). Simultaneous quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in Mississippi river water, in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Chemosphere, 66(6), 1057-1069.
Zhou, L., Liu, G., Shen, M., Hu, R., Sun, M., & Liu, Y. (2019). Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in indoor dust from different functional areas in Hefei, China. Environmental pollution, 251, 839-849.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Nigerian Journal of Technological Development
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
In accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976, which became effective January 1, 1978, the following statement signed by each author must accompany the manuscript submitted: "I, the undersigned author, transfer all copyright ownership of the manuscript referenced above to the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, in the event the work is published. I warrant that the article is original, does not infringe upon any copyright or other proprietary right of any third party, is not under consideration by another journal, and has not been published previously. I have reviewed and approve the submitted version of the manuscript and agree to its publication in the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development." A copyright transfer form should be downloaded from the NJTD Website ( http://njtd.com.ng/index.php/njtd). Author(s) will be consulted, whenever possible, regarding republication of material. All authors must have access to the data presented and the authors and sponsor (if applicable) must agree to share original data with the editor if requested.
