Study of Breakage Tendencies of Palm Kernel, Coconut and Periwinkle Shells using Ball-Milling Process
Keywords:
Degree, Refinement, Agricultural wastes, Fillers, MillingAbstract
The needs for eco-friendly composites have initiated the use of agricultural wastes as possible replacements for expensive synthetic carbon and glass fillers for metal and polymer strengthening. In this study, degree of refinement of palm kernel shells, coconut shells and periwinkle shells has been investigated through ball-milling approach. Palm kernel, coconut and periwinkle shells were pulverised using disc grinder and refined using top-down approach under the same milling conditions. The particles of palm kernel, coconut and periwinkle shells obtained were analysed and their sizes were determined. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic and X-ray Diffractometric analyses indicated different compositions of the examined agricultural wastes particles. Imaging sizing of the particles indicated attainment of nanoparticles when milling for 74 hours at 10 charge ratios for both carbonized and uncarbonized palm kernel, coconut and periwinkle shells. Comparison of sizes showed that uncarbonized palm kernel shell has a least grain size among other uncarbonized agricultural waste particles. Therefore, uncarbonised palm kernel shells have highest breakage tendency among others.
References
Abiko, H.; M. Furuse and T.Takano (2010). Reduction of Adsorption Capacity of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon for Organic Vapors Due to Moisture Contents. Industrial Health, 48 427-437.
Adebisi, J. A.; J. O. Agunsoye; S. A. Bello; I. I. Ahmed; O. A. Ojo; and S. B. Hassan (2017a). Potential of Producing Solar Grade Silicon Nanoparticles from Selected Agro-Wastes: A Review. Solar Energy, 142 68-86.
Adebisi, J. A.; J. O. Agunsoye; S. A. Bello; F. O. Kolawole; M. M. Ramakokovhu; M. O. Daramola; and S. B. Hassan (2017b). Extraction of Silica from Sugarcane Bagasse, Cassava Periderm and Maize Stalk: Proximate Analysis and Physico-Chemical Properties of Wastes. Waste and Biomass Valorization, in Press.
Ademoh, A. N., and Adeyemi, I. O. (2015). Development and Evaluation of Maize Husks (Asbestos-Free) Based Brake Pad. International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): Industrial Engineering Letters -IEL, 5 (2): 67-80.
Agunsoye, J. O.; S. A. Bello; S. I. Talabi; A. A. Yekinni; A. R. I.; D. O. A.; and E. I. T. (2015a). Recycled Aluminium Cans/Eggshell Composites: Evaluation of Mechanical and Wear Resistance Properties. Tribology in Industry, 37 (1): 107-116.
Agunsoye, J. O.; S. A. Bello; A. A. Yekinni; I. A. Raheem and O. I. Awe (2016). Effects of Reinforcement Particle Sizes on Mechanical Properties of Aluminium/Egg Shell Composites. Unilag Journal of Medicine, Science and Technology, 4 (2): 133-143.
Agunsoye, J. O.; S. A. Bello; A. A. Yekinni; I. A. Raheem; M. M. Idehenre; T. E. Idegbekwu; and A. D. Oderinde (2015b). Potential of Recycled Aluminium Cans and 215 µm Sized Eggshell Powder for Low Cost Metal Matrix Composites. Journal of Metallurgical Engineering, 4 (0): 24.
Aigbodion, V. S.; S. B. Hassan; G. B. Nyior; and T. Ause (2010). Effect of Bagasse Ash Reinforcement on the Wear Behaviour of Al-Cu-Mg/Bagasse Ash Particulate Composites. Acta Metall. Sin.(Engl. Lett.), 23 (2): 81-89.
Akram, M.; I. Taha and M. M. Ghobashy, (2016). Potential of Carbon Particle Reinforced Polypropylene Formed in-Situ through the Pyrolysis of Carboxymethylcellulose. Composites Communications, 1 6-14.
Alaneme, K. K.; M. O. Bodunrin and A. A. Awe (2016). Microstructure, Mechanical and Fracture Properties of Groundnut Shell Ash and Silicon Carbide Dispersion Strengthened Aluminium Matrix Composites. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, in Press.
Alaneme, K. K., and Sanusi, K. O. (2015). Microstructural Characteristics, Mechanical and Wear Behaviour Of aluminium Matrix Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Alumina, Rice Husk Ash and Graphite. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 18 (3): 416-422.
Alengaram, J. U.; M. Z.; Jumaat and H. Mahmud (2010). Structural Behaviour of Reinforced Palm Kernel Shell Foamed Concrete Beams. Challenges, Opportunities and Solutions in Structural Engineeringand Construction,Taylor & Francis Group, London, Ghafoori (ed) 265-270.
Allaoui, A.; S. Bai; H. M. Cheng and J. B. Bai (2002). Mechanical and Electrical Properties of a Mwnt/Epoxy Composite. Composites Science and Technology, 62 (15): 1993-1998.
Ashori, A., and Nourbakhsh, A. (2010). Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: Effects of Chemical Compositions and Particle Size. Bioresour Technol, 101 (7): 2515-9.
Atuanya, C. U.; R. O. Edokpia; and V. S. Aigbodion (2014). The Physio-Mechanical Properties of Recycled Low Density Polyethylene (Rldpe)/Bean Pod Ash Particulate Composites. Results in Physics, 4 88-95.
Baghat, S., and Verma, P. K. (2013). Effects of Graphite Fillers on Mechnaical Behaviour of Epoxy Composites. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3 (2): 427-430.
Bello, S. A., J. O. Agunsoye; J. A. Adebisi; J. E. Anyanwu; A. A. Bamigbaiye and S. B.Hassan (2017a). Potential of Carbonised Coconut Shell as a Ball-Milling Interface for Synthesis of Aluminium (1xxx) Nanoparticles. Annals of Faculty of Engineering, 15 (2): 149-157.
Bello, S. A.; J. O. Agunsoye; J. A. Adebisi; F. O. Kolawole and B. H. Suleiman (2106). Physical Properties of Coconut Shell Nanoparticles. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 12 (1): 63-79.
Bello, S. A.; J. O. Agunsoye; J. A. Adebisi and B. H. Suleiman (2017b). Effects of Aluminium Particles on Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites. Acta Periodica Technological, 48 25-38.
Bello, S. A.; J. O. Agunsoye and S. B. Hassan (2015a). Synthesis of Coconut Shell Nanoparticles Via a Top Down Approach: Assessment of Milling Duration on the Particle Sizes and Morphologies of Coconut Shell Nanoparticles. Materials Letters, 159 514-519.
Bello, S. A.; S. B. Hassan; J. O. Agunsoye; M. G. Z.; Kana and A, R. I. (2015b). Synthesis of Uncarbonised Coconut Shell Nanoparticles: Characterisation and Particle Size Determination Tribology in Industry, 37 (2): 257-263.
Bobic, B., Mitovic, S., Babic, M., and Bobic, I. (2010). Corrosion of Metal-Matrix Composites with Aluminum Alloy Substrate. Tribology in Industry, 32 (1): 3-11.
Chauruka, S. R.; A. Hassanpour; R. Brydson; K. J. Roberts; M. Ghadiri and H. Stitt (2015). Effect of Mill Type on the Size Reduction and Phase Transformation of Gamma Alumina. Chemical Engineering Science, 134 774-783.
Chen, H.; O. Jacobs; W. Wu; G. Rüdiger and B. Schädel (2007). Effect of Dispersion Method on Tribological Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites. Polymer Testing, 26 (3): 351-360.
Das, S.; D. P. Mondal; S. Sawla; and N. Ramakrishnan (2008). Synergic Effect of Reinforcement and Heat Treatment on the Two Body Abrasive Wear of an Al–Si Alloy under Varying Loads and Abrasive Sizes. Wear, 264 (1): 47-59.
Edmund, C. O.; M. S. Christopher and D. K. Pascal (2014). Characterization of Palm Kernel Shell for Materials Reinforcement and Water Treatment. Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science of sintering, 5 (1): 1-6.
Falade, F. (1992). The Use of Palm Kernel Shell as Coarse Aggregates in Concrete. Journal of Housing Science, 16 (3): 213-219.
Festus, A. O.; A. Q. Habeeb; and S. O. Oladipupo (2012). Investigation of the Strength Properties of Palm Kernel Shell Ash Concrete. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 2 (6): 315-319.
Goto, H., and Uchijo, K. (2005). Wear Mechanism of Al–Si Alloy Impregnated Graphite Composite under Dry Sliding. Wear, 259 (1): 613-619.
Hunton, P. (2005). Research on Eggshell Structure and Quality: An Historical Overview. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 7 (2): 67-71.
Ibhadode, A. O. A., and Dagwa, I. M. (2008a). Development of Asbestos-Free Friction Lining Material from Palm Kernel Shell Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. & Eng), 30 (2).
Ibhadode, A. O. A., and Dagwa, I. M. (2008b). Development of Asbestos Free Friction Lining Material from Palm Kernel Shell. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Science and Engineering Failure Analysis, 30 (2).
Kok, M. (2005). Production and Mechanical Properties of Al2o3 Particle-Reinforced 2024 Aluminium Alloy Composites. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 161 (3): 381-387.
Lucas, F. M. d. S.; Ö. Andreas and A. Robert (2011). Handbook of Adhesion Technology, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Maurice, D. R., and Courtney, T. H. (1990). The Physics of Mechanical Alloying: A First Report. Met Trans A, 21 289-303.
Mohammed, L.; M. N. M. Ansari; G. Pua; M. Jawaid and M. S. Islam (2015). A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite and Its Applications. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2015 15.
Moreno, R., and Ferrari, B. (2012). Nanoparticles Dispersion and the Effect of Related Parameters in the Epd Kinetics.
Nwaobakata, C., and Agunwamba, J. C. (2014). Effect of Palm Kernel Shells Ash as Filler on the Mechanical Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt. Archives of Applied Science Research, 6 (5): 42-49.
Okoroigwe, E. C.; M. S. Christopher and Kamdem (2014). Characterisation of Palm Kernel Shell for Material Reinforcement and Water Treatment. Journal of Chemical and Materials Science, 5 (1): 1-6.
Pokropivny, V.; R. Lohmus; I. Hussainova; A. Pokropivny and S. Vlassov (2007). Introduction to Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Tartu University Press.
Prasad Yadav, T.; R. Manohar Yadav and D. Pratap Singh (2012). Mechanical Milling: A Top Down Approach for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2 (3): 22-48.
Qu, Y.; H. Luo; H. Li; and J. Xu (2015). Comparison on Structural Modification of Industrial Lignin by Wet Ball Milling and Ionic Liquid Pretreatment. Biotechnology Reports, 6 1-7.
Romulo, N. A. (2013). Market and Trade of Coconut Products. Thailand: Asian and Pacific Coconut Community.
William, D. C., Jr. (2007). Materials Science and Engineering an Introduction, United State of American, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Yawas, D. S.; S. Y. Aku; and S. G. Amaren (2016). Morphology and Properties of Periwinkle Shell Asbestos-Free Brake Pad. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 28 (1): 103-109.
Adebisi, J. A.; J. O. Agunsoye; S. A. Bello; I. I. Ahmed; O. A. Ojo; and S. B. Hassan (2017a). Potential of Producing Solar Grade Silicon Nanoparticles from Selected Agro-Wastes: A Review. Solar Energy, 142 68-86.
Adebisi, J. A.; J. O. Agunsoye; S. A. Bello; F. O. Kolawole; M. M. Ramakokovhu; M. O. Daramola; and S. B. Hassan (2017b). Extraction of Silica from Sugarcane Bagasse, Cassava Periderm and Maize Stalk: Proximate Analysis and Physico-Chemical Properties of Wastes. Waste and Biomass Valorization, in Press.
Ademoh, A. N., and Adeyemi, I. O. (2015). Development and Evaluation of Maize Husks (Asbestos-Free) Based Brake Pad. International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): Industrial Engineering Letters -IEL, 5 (2): 67-80.
Agunsoye, J. O.; S. A. Bello; S. I. Talabi; A. A. Yekinni; A. R. I.; D. O. A.; and E. I. T. (2015a). Recycled Aluminium Cans/Eggshell Composites: Evaluation of Mechanical and Wear Resistance Properties. Tribology in Industry, 37 (1): 107-116.
Agunsoye, J. O.; S. A. Bello; A. A. Yekinni; I. A. Raheem and O. I. Awe (2016). Effects of Reinforcement Particle Sizes on Mechanical Properties of Aluminium/Egg Shell Composites. Unilag Journal of Medicine, Science and Technology, 4 (2): 133-143.
Agunsoye, J. O.; S. A. Bello; A. A. Yekinni; I. A. Raheem; M. M. Idehenre; T. E. Idegbekwu; and A. D. Oderinde (2015b). Potential of Recycled Aluminium Cans and 215 µm Sized Eggshell Powder for Low Cost Metal Matrix Composites. Journal of Metallurgical Engineering, 4 (0): 24.
Aigbodion, V. S.; S. B. Hassan; G. B. Nyior; and T. Ause (2010). Effect of Bagasse Ash Reinforcement on the Wear Behaviour of Al-Cu-Mg/Bagasse Ash Particulate Composites. Acta Metall. Sin.(Engl. Lett.), 23 (2): 81-89.
Akram, M.; I. Taha and M. M. Ghobashy, (2016). Potential of Carbon Particle Reinforced Polypropylene Formed in-Situ through the Pyrolysis of Carboxymethylcellulose. Composites Communications, 1 6-14.
Alaneme, K. K.; M. O. Bodunrin and A. A. Awe (2016). Microstructure, Mechanical and Fracture Properties of Groundnut Shell Ash and Silicon Carbide Dispersion Strengthened Aluminium Matrix Composites. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, in Press.
Alaneme, K. K., and Sanusi, K. O. (2015). Microstructural Characteristics, Mechanical and Wear Behaviour Of aluminium Matrix Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Alumina, Rice Husk Ash and Graphite. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 18 (3): 416-422.
Alengaram, J. U.; M. Z.; Jumaat and H. Mahmud (2010). Structural Behaviour of Reinforced Palm Kernel Shell Foamed Concrete Beams. Challenges, Opportunities and Solutions in Structural Engineeringand Construction,Taylor & Francis Group, London, Ghafoori (ed) 265-270.
Allaoui, A.; S. Bai; H. M. Cheng and J. B. Bai (2002). Mechanical and Electrical Properties of a Mwnt/Epoxy Composite. Composites Science and Technology, 62 (15): 1993-1998.
Ashori, A., and Nourbakhsh, A. (2010). Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: Effects of Chemical Compositions and Particle Size. Bioresour Technol, 101 (7): 2515-9.
Atuanya, C. U.; R. O. Edokpia; and V. S. Aigbodion (2014). The Physio-Mechanical Properties of Recycled Low Density Polyethylene (Rldpe)/Bean Pod Ash Particulate Composites. Results in Physics, 4 88-95.
Baghat, S., and Verma, P. K. (2013). Effects of Graphite Fillers on Mechnaical Behaviour of Epoxy Composites. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3 (2): 427-430.
Bello, S. A., J. O. Agunsoye; J. A. Adebisi; J. E. Anyanwu; A. A. Bamigbaiye and S. B.Hassan (2017a). Potential of Carbonised Coconut Shell as a Ball-Milling Interface for Synthesis of Aluminium (1xxx) Nanoparticles. Annals of Faculty of Engineering, 15 (2): 149-157.
Bello, S. A.; J. O. Agunsoye; J. A. Adebisi; F. O. Kolawole and B. H. Suleiman (2106). Physical Properties of Coconut Shell Nanoparticles. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 12 (1): 63-79.
Bello, S. A.; J. O. Agunsoye; J. A. Adebisi and B. H. Suleiman (2017b). Effects of Aluminium Particles on Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites. Acta Periodica Technological, 48 25-38.
Bello, S. A.; J. O. Agunsoye and S. B. Hassan (2015a). Synthesis of Coconut Shell Nanoparticles Via a Top Down Approach: Assessment of Milling Duration on the Particle Sizes and Morphologies of Coconut Shell Nanoparticles. Materials Letters, 159 514-519.
Bello, S. A.; S. B. Hassan; J. O. Agunsoye; M. G. Z.; Kana and A, R. I. (2015b). Synthesis of Uncarbonised Coconut Shell Nanoparticles: Characterisation and Particle Size Determination Tribology in Industry, 37 (2): 257-263.
Bobic, B., Mitovic, S., Babic, M., and Bobic, I. (2010). Corrosion of Metal-Matrix Composites with Aluminum Alloy Substrate. Tribology in Industry, 32 (1): 3-11.
Chauruka, S. R.; A. Hassanpour; R. Brydson; K. J. Roberts; M. Ghadiri and H. Stitt (2015). Effect of Mill Type on the Size Reduction and Phase Transformation of Gamma Alumina. Chemical Engineering Science, 134 774-783.
Chen, H.; O. Jacobs; W. Wu; G. Rüdiger and B. Schädel (2007). Effect of Dispersion Method on Tribological Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites. Polymer Testing, 26 (3): 351-360.
Das, S.; D. P. Mondal; S. Sawla; and N. Ramakrishnan (2008). Synergic Effect of Reinforcement and Heat Treatment on the Two Body Abrasive Wear of an Al–Si Alloy under Varying Loads and Abrasive Sizes. Wear, 264 (1): 47-59.
Edmund, C. O.; M. S. Christopher and D. K. Pascal (2014). Characterization of Palm Kernel Shell for Materials Reinforcement and Water Treatment. Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science of sintering, 5 (1): 1-6.
Falade, F. (1992). The Use of Palm Kernel Shell as Coarse Aggregates in Concrete. Journal of Housing Science, 16 (3): 213-219.
Festus, A. O.; A. Q. Habeeb; and S. O. Oladipupo (2012). Investigation of the Strength Properties of Palm Kernel Shell Ash Concrete. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 2 (6): 315-319.
Goto, H., and Uchijo, K. (2005). Wear Mechanism of Al–Si Alloy Impregnated Graphite Composite under Dry Sliding. Wear, 259 (1): 613-619.
Hunton, P. (2005). Research on Eggshell Structure and Quality: An Historical Overview. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 7 (2): 67-71.
Ibhadode, A. O. A., and Dagwa, I. M. (2008a). Development of Asbestos-Free Friction Lining Material from Palm Kernel Shell Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. & Eng), 30 (2).
Ibhadode, A. O. A., and Dagwa, I. M. (2008b). Development of Asbestos Free Friction Lining Material from Palm Kernel Shell. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Science and Engineering Failure Analysis, 30 (2).
Kok, M. (2005). Production and Mechanical Properties of Al2o3 Particle-Reinforced 2024 Aluminium Alloy Composites. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 161 (3): 381-387.
Lucas, F. M. d. S.; Ö. Andreas and A. Robert (2011). Handbook of Adhesion Technology, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Maurice, D. R., and Courtney, T. H. (1990). The Physics of Mechanical Alloying: A First Report. Met Trans A, 21 289-303.
Mohammed, L.; M. N. M. Ansari; G. Pua; M. Jawaid and M. S. Islam (2015). A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite and Its Applications. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2015 15.
Moreno, R., and Ferrari, B. (2012). Nanoparticles Dispersion and the Effect of Related Parameters in the Epd Kinetics.
Nwaobakata, C., and Agunwamba, J. C. (2014). Effect of Palm Kernel Shells Ash as Filler on the Mechanical Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt. Archives of Applied Science Research, 6 (5): 42-49.
Okoroigwe, E. C.; M. S. Christopher and Kamdem (2014). Characterisation of Palm Kernel Shell for Material Reinforcement and Water Treatment. Journal of Chemical and Materials Science, 5 (1): 1-6.
Pokropivny, V.; R. Lohmus; I. Hussainova; A. Pokropivny and S. Vlassov (2007). Introduction to Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Tartu University Press.
Prasad Yadav, T.; R. Manohar Yadav and D. Pratap Singh (2012). Mechanical Milling: A Top Down Approach for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2 (3): 22-48.
Qu, Y.; H. Luo; H. Li; and J. Xu (2015). Comparison on Structural Modification of Industrial Lignin by Wet Ball Milling and Ionic Liquid Pretreatment. Biotechnology Reports, 6 1-7.
Romulo, N. A. (2013). Market and Trade of Coconut Products. Thailand: Asian and Pacific Coconut Community.
William, D. C., Jr. (2007). Materials Science and Engineering an Introduction, United State of American, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Yawas, D. S.; S. Y. Aku; and S. G. Amaren (2016). Morphology and Properties of Periwinkle Shell Asbestos-Free Brake Pad. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 28 (1): 103-109.
Downloads
Published
2018-06-23
Issue
Section
Articles
License
In accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976, which became effective January 1, 1978, the following statement signed by each author must accompany the manuscript submitted: "I, the undersigned author, transfer all copyright ownership of the manuscript referenced above to the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, in the event the work is published. I warrant that the article is original, does not infringe upon any copyright or other proprietary right of any third party, is not under consideration by another journal, and has not been published previously. I have reviewed and approve the submitted version of the manuscript and agree to its publication in the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development." A copyright transfer form should be downloaded from the NJTD Website ( http://njtd.com.ng/index.php/njtd). Author(s) will be consulted, whenever possible, regarding republication of material. All authors must have access to the data presented and the authors and sponsor (if applicable) must agree to share original data with the editor if requested.
