Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Cashew Nut-Shell Liquid in Metal Forming
Keywords:
Cashew nut-shell, Liquid, Lubrication, Metal forming, Waste Management, wastewater, landfill leachate, physicochemical process, organic, inorganic, contaminants, Soxhlet extractionAbstract
Effective lubrication during metalworking is critical to mitigating undesirable tool wear and poor surface finish of formed components. This paper investigated the physicochemical characteristics of cashew nut-shell-liquid (CNSL) with a view of determining its suitability for the development of an eco-friendly lubricant used in metal forming. The cashew nut shell oil (CNSO) was extracted by soxhlet method and characterised to determine its physicochemical properties including density, free fatty acid (FFA), and viscosity. In addition, the saponification value, iodine value, pH, flash point and friction coefficient were determined using relevant analytical tools. The results showed that CNSL yield from soxhlet solvent extraction is 45.6%, which is adjudged to be relatively substantial with regard to other extraction processes. Furthermore, the CNSL exhibited critical lubrication characteristics in terms of density (0.94 g/cm3), moisture content (3.96%), acid value (11.32 mg.KOH/g), FFA (3.7%), ester value (127.92 mg.KOH/g), saponification value (139.24 mg.KOH/g), pH value (4.61), iodine value (40.21 gI2/100 g), viscosity at 100 oC (14.12 Pa.s), friction coefficient (0.001) and flash point of 286.63 oC. Given these outcomes in comparison with commercial Chevron soluble oil, it is concluded that CNSL is suitable for use as a viable metal forming lubrication fluid.
References
Adesanya, K. A.; M. O. Adedoja; A. A. Adelusi; Q. A. Ogunwolu; C. A. Ugwu; M. A. Alli and A. O. Akinpelu. (2021). Opportunities in Nigerian Cashew Nut Value Chain. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 9 (1): 168-174.
Agada, M. O. and Sule, E. M. (2020). Cashew Nuts Production and Marketing among Farmers in Ugwolawo Distric, Kogi State Nigeria. International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences, 6 (5): 1-10.
Aina, E. O.; A. F. Adisa; T. M. Olayanju and S. O. Ismaila. (2018). Performance Evaluation of a Developed CashewNut Shell Liquid Expeller. Agricultural Engineering, 22 (2): 5-19.
Akinhanmi, T. F.; V. N. Atasie and Akintokun, P. O. (2008). Chemical Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) Oil and Cashew Nut Shell Liquid. Journal of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, 2 (1): 1-10.
Azizian, S. and Khosravi, M. (2019). Advanced Low-Cost Separation Techniques. Interface Sciences and Technology, 30: 283-332.
Balgude, D. and Sabnis, A. S. (2014). CNSL: An Environment Friendly Alternative for the Modern Coating Industry. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 11 (2): 169-183.
Belsare, G. W. and Badne, S. G. (2017). Study on Physicochemical Characterization of Edible Oils from Agencies of Buldhana District. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, 7 (4): 525-529.
De-Chiffre, L. (1988). Function of Cutting Fluid in Machining. Lubrication Engineering, 44 (6): 514- 518.
Diniz, A. E. and Micaroni, D. R. (2002). Cutting Conditions for Finish Turning Process aiming the Use of Dry Cutting. International Journal of Machine Tools Manufacture, 42 (8): 889-904.
Efavi, J. K.; K. Dindoma; V. Apalangya; E. Nyankson; E. K. Tiburu; D. Dodoo-Arhin; B. Onwona-Agyeman and A. Yaya. (2018). The Effect of NaOH Catalyst Concentration and Extraction Time on the Yield and Properties of Citrullus vulgaris Seed Oil as a Potential Biodiesel Feedstock. South African. Journal of Chemical Engineering, 25: 98-102.
Fapohunda, C.; A. Kilani; B. Adigo; L. Ajayi; B. Famodimu; O. Oladipupo and A. Jeje. (2021). A Review of Some Agricultural Wastes in Nigeria for Sustainability in the Production of Structural Concrete. Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, 18 (2): 76-87.
Gandhi,T. S.; B. Z. Dholakiya and M. R. Partel. (2013). Extraction Protocol for Isolation of CNSL by Using Protic and Aprotic Solvents from Cashew Nut and Study their Physicochemical Parameters. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 15 (4): 24-27.
Himabindu, T.; R. Vinithaa and K. Sagadevan. (2015). Review on Various Methods of Extraction of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid and Isolation of Anacardic Acid. International Journal of Institutional Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 5 (1): 1-16.
Huang, J. Y. (2020). Coefficient of friction: Static-Dynamic. Paper presented at the ASME Joint Rail Conference, St. Louis, MO, 5-12, USA.
Japir, A. A.; J. Salimon; D. Derawi; M. Bahadi; A. S. Al-Shujaand and M. R. Yusop. (2017). Physicochemical Characteristics of High Free Fatty Acid Crude Palm Oil, Journal of Oilseeds & Fats Crops and Lipids, 24 (5): 12-20.
Jabbarzadeh, A. (2018). Tribological Properties of Interfacial Molecular Films, Surface Science and Electrochemistry, 5 (2): 864-874.
Kanehashi, S.; R. Masuda; K. Yokoyama; T. Kanamoto; H. Nakashima and T. Miyakoshi. (2015). Development of a Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)-Based Polymer for Antibacterial Activity. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 132 (45):1-9.
Kubo, I.; N. Masuoka and K. Tsujimoto. (2006). Antioxidant Activity of Anacardic Acids. Food Chemistry, 99: 555-562.
Kyei, S. K.; O. Akaranta; G. Darko and U. J. Chukwu. (2019). Extraction, Characterization and Application of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid from Cashew Nut Shells. Chemical Science International Journal, 28 (3): 37-49.
Morais, S. M.; A. Katherine; K. A. Silva; H. Araujo; G. P. Vieria; D. R. Alves; R. O. Fontenelle and M. S. Silva. (2017). Anacardic Acid Constituents from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid: NMR Characterization and the Effect of Unsaturation on Its Biological Activities. Pharmaceuticals, 10 (1): 31-47.
Mubofu, E. B. (2016). From cashew Nut Shell Wastes to High Value Chemicals. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 88 (1-2): 17-27.
Mwangi, P. M.; P. G. Kareru; G. Thiongo and A. N. Mohammed. (2013). Cashew Nut Shell Liquid: An Agricultural By-Product with Great Potential for Commercial
Exploitation in Kenya. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 15 (1): 1-17.
Oluyole, K.A.; S. O. Agbeniyi and K. O. Ayegbonyin. (2017). Competitiveness of Cashew Production in Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry, 4 (8): 1-7.
Patel, R. N.; S. Bandyopadhyay and A. Ganesh. (2006). Extraction of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Bio-resource Technology. 97 (6): 847-853.
Risfaheri, T. T.; M. A. Irawadi and I. Sailah. (2009). Isolation of Cardanol from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid using the Vacuum Distillation Method. Indonesian Journal of Agriculture, 2 (1): 11-20.
Sekunowo, O.I.;J. O. Ugboaja and J. A. Tiamiyu. (2021). Investigation of the Nodularisation Propensity of Calcined Cashew-Nut Shell-Ash in Cast-Iron Melt Graphite. Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, 18 (1); 1-8.
Subbarao, N. V.; P. K. Krishina and V. S. Prasad. (2011). Review on Applications, Extraction, Isolation and Analysis of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid. The Pharma Research Journal, 6 (1): 21-41.
Trevisan, M. T.; G. Wurtele; B. Spiegelhalder; H. Bartsch and R. W. Owen. (2006). Characterization of Alkyl Phenols in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Products and Assay of their Antioxidant capacity. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44: 188–197.
Tsamba, J. A.; Y. Weihong and B. Wlodzimierz. (2006). Pyrolysis Characteristics and Global Kinetics of Coconut and Cashew Nut Shells. Fuel Processing Technology, 87: 523-530.
Tyman, J. H.; R. A. Johnson; M. Muir and R. Rokhgar. (2006). The Extraction of Natural Cashew Nut-Shell Liquid from Cashew Nut. Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society, 66 (4): 553-557.
Wardana, W. I.; A. Widodo and W. Wijayanti. (2018). Improving Vegetable Oil Properties by Transforming Fatty Acid Chain-Length in Jatropha Oil and Coconut Oil Blends. Energies, 11: 394-405.
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Nigerian Journal of Technological Development
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
In accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976, which became effective January 1, 1978, the following statement signed by each author must accompany the manuscript submitted: "I, the undersigned author, transfer all copyright ownership of the manuscript referenced above to the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, in the event the work is published. I warrant that the article is original, does not infringe upon any copyright or other proprietary right of any third party, is not under consideration by another journal, and has not been published previously. I have reviewed and approve the submitted version of the manuscript and agree to its publication in the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development." A copyright transfer form should be downloaded from the NJTD Website ( http://njtd.com.ng/index.php/njtd). Author(s) will be consulted, whenever possible, regarding republication of material. All authors must have access to the data presented and the authors and sponsor (if applicable) must agree to share original data with the editor if requested.
