Review of Selected Bio-Wastes as Potential Materials for Alkali-Activation for Cement-Based Products
Keywords:
Bio-wastes, alkali-activation, geopolymer, hydraulic activity coefficient, pozzolan.Abstract
There is growing need to finding alternative binder for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as a result of the environmental hazards associated with its production. This paper presents the result of the review of selected bio-wastes as potential materials for alkali-activation in cement-based products. Studies carried out by several authors on the use of ashes from rice husk, cassava peel, sugarcane straw, corn cob and coconut shells were critically reviewed, while their chemical compositions as well as other criteria for alkali activation were identified. The review showed that the combined composition of SiO2, Al2O 3 and Fe2O3 were in the ranges of 67.90 – 93.60, 46.59 – 72.25, 73.79 – 83.02, 41.13 – 78.30 and 71.3 – 77.57 % for rice husk ash, cassava peel ash, sugarcane straw ash, corn cob ash and coconut shell ash, respectively. These values met the requirement of ASTM 618 for materials to be considered as pozzolan, while the hydraulic coefficients of the ashes were also found comparable to notable industrial wastes that have been utilized for alkali-activation. It was also found that these materials are still not explored for alkali-activation. The paper concluded that the ash from these materials could be alkali activated to produce binders in cement-based products due to their potential properties.
References
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Andrews-Phaedonos, F. (2014). Specification and Use of Geopolymer Concrete, In: 9th Austroads Bridge Conference, Sydney, Australia.
Arum C.; C. M. Ikumapayi and G. O. Aralepo. (2013). Ashes of Biogenic Wastes—Pozzolanicity, Prospects for Use, and Effects on Some Engineering Properties of Concrete, Materials Sciences and Applications, 4, 521-527.
ASTM C 618 (2008). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org.
Attwell, C. (2014). Geopolymer concrete: a practical approach, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, Johannesburg, South Africa. 466–474.
Aydın, S. and Baradan B. (2013). The effect of fiber properties on high performance alkali activated slag/silica fume mortars, Compos. B Eng. 45(1):63–69.
Bala A. I.; H. O. Aminulai, M. Abubakar, H. S. Abdulrahman and U. Musa. (2016). Partial replacement of cement with corn cob ash in concrete production, Proceedings: School of Engineering, International Conference, Minna, Nigeria, 504 – 509.
Olonade, K. A. and Bello, T. (2018). Alkali Activation of Coconut Shell Ash as Binder in Mortar. Proceedings NBBRI International Conference, Abuja, Nigeria, 23 – 31.
Boden, T.; G. Marland and R. J. Andreas. (2016). Global, regional, and national fossil-fuel CO2 emissions, oak ridge national laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA, available at: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/overview_ 2014.html, last access: 28 June 2017.
Bronzeoak Ltd. (2013). Rice Husk Ash Market Study, Exp. 129, Crown Publisher, UK.
Bui, D. D.; J. Hu and P. Stroeven. (2005). Particle size effect on the strength of rice husk ash blended gap-graded Portland cement concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites. 27(3): 357–366.
Calligaris, G. A.; M. K. Franco, K. D. Laurence, P. Aldrige, M. S. Rodrigues, A. L. Beraldo, F. Yokaichiya, X. Turrillas, and L. P. Cardoso. (2015). Assessing the pozzolanic activity of cements with added sugar cane straw ash by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis, Construction and Building Materials, 98: 44–50.
Calpe, C. (2007). Review of the rice market situation in 2007. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Available: http://www.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1410t/ a1410t01.pdf.
Carstensen, K. and Rapf, O. (2008). A blueprint for a climate friendly cement industry, WWF: Nürnberg, Germany.
Chang, J. J. (2003). A study on the setting characteristics of sodium silicate-activated slag pastes. Cement and Concrete Research 33(7):1005–1011
Chao L.; S. Henghu and L. Li. (2010). A review: The comparison between alkali activated slag (Si+Ca) and metakaolin (Si+Al) cements, Cement and Concrete Research 40:1341–1349
CEMBUREAU (2016). Cement and concrete: key facts and figures, T.E.C. Association.
Cordeiro, G. C.; A. P. Vieira and É. Lopes. (2017). Study on the pozzolanic activity of sugar cane straw ash produced using different pretreatments quim. Nova, 40(3): 264-269.
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El-Sayed, M. A. and El-Samni, T. M. (2006). Physical and chemical properties of rice straw ash and its effect on the cement paste produced from different cement types, J. King Saud Univ. Eng. Sci. 19 (1):21-30.
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Glasby, T. J. R.; J. G. Day and E. F. C. Aldred. (2015). Geopolymer concrete aircraft pavements at Brisbane West Well camp Airport, Concrete 2015: 27th Biennial National Conference of the Concrete Institute of Australia in Conjunction With the 69th RILEM Week, Melbourne, Australia, 1051–1059.
Gluchovskij, V.D. (1959). Gruntosilikaty Gosstrojizdat Kiev 1959, Patent USSR 245 627 (1967), Patent USSR 449894 (Patent appl. 1958, filled 1974!).
Kamau, J.; A. Ahmed, P. Hirst and J. Kangwa. (2016). Viability of using corncob ash as a pozzolan in concrete, International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 5(6):4532 – 4544.
Law D. W.; A. A. Adam, T. K. Molyneaux and I. Patnaikuni. (2012). Durability assessment of alkali activated slag (AAS) concrete, Materials and Structures (2012) 45:1425–1437
Li, C and Li, H. S. A. (2010). Review: The comparison between alkali activated slag (Si+Ca) and metakaolin (Si+Al) cements Cement and Concrete Research 40, 1341–1349
Mahungu, N. and Anga, B. (2007). NEPAD Pan African Cassava Initiative (NPACI). Available: https://docslide.net/documents/nepad-pan-african-cassava-initiative-npaci-n-mahungu-and-b-anga-the-first.html.
Martinez-Ramirez, S., and Palomo, A. (2001). Alkali-activated fly ashes—A cement for the future. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(11):1581 1585.
Moise´s F. E.; E. Villar-Cocina and E. Valencia-Morales. (2007). Characterisation of sugar cane straw waste as pozzolanic material for construction: calcining temperature and kinetic, Waste Management, 27(4):533-538.
Nagarajan, V. K., S., Aruna, S. P. Devi, M. Manohari and M. Santha. (2014). Experimental study on partial replacement of cement with coconut shell ash in concrete, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 3(3): 23 – 30.
Nimityongskul, P. and Daladar, T. U. (1995). Use of coconut husk ash, corn cob ash and peanut shell ash as cement replacement, Journal of Ferrocement, 25(I): 35-44.
Olonade, K. A.; M. B. Jaji, and O. A. Adekitan. (2017). Experimental comparison of selected pozzolanic materials, African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, DOI: 10.1080/20421338.2017.1327931
Olonade, K. A.; A. M. Olajumoke, A. O. Omotosho and F. A. Oyekunle, (2014). Effects of sulphuric acid on the compressive strength of blended cement/cassava peel ash concrete, Construction Materials and Structures, S.O. Ekolu et al. (Eds.), IOS Press, 764 – 771, 2014. doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-466-4-764.
Olonade, K. A. (2017). Benefit - cost analysis of recycling solid wastes in concrete: a case study of cassava peels in Nigeria, Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 2(1): 1 – 8.
Olutaiwo A.O. and A. Adanikin. (2016). Evaluation of the structural performance of lateritic soil stabilized with cassava peel ash (CPA) and cement, International Journal of Constructive Research in Civil Engineering (IJCRCE), 2(2):18-26.
Pitt N. (1972). Process for the preparation of siliceous ashes, US Patent, 3959007, July 1972.
Raheem, A. A. and Adesanya D. A. (2011). A study of thermal conductivity of corn cob ash blended cement mortar The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 12(2):106 – 111.
Ramezanianpour, A. A.; M. Mahdikhani, and G. Ahmdibeni. (2009). The effect of rice husk ash on mechanical properties and durability of sustainable concretes, International Journal of Civil Engineering. 7(2):83 - 91
Reddy, T. S. and Prasad D. S. V. (2017). Stabilization of soil using sugarcane straw ash and polypropylene fibres, International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS), 4(6):5 -8.
Salau, M. A. and Olonade, K. A. (2011). Pozzolanic potentials of cassava peel ash, Journal of Engineering Research, 16(1):10-21.
Salau, M. A.; E. E. Ikponmwosa and K. A. Olonade. (2013). Effect of elevated temperature exposure on cassava peel ash concrete, American Journal of Materials Science, 3(5):142 -148.
Santos, V.; M. S. Rodrigues, L. Rodier, G. C. Brito and H. Savastano, (2015). kinetic reactions on cementitious matrices with sugarcane industry ashes https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/engineering/departments/ce2p2e/alternative_ village/media/16th_NOCMAT_2015_submission_127.pdf
Scrivener K. L.; V. M. John, and E. M. Gartner (2016). Eco-efficient cements: Potential economically viable solutions for a low-CO2 cement-based materials industry, UNEP Report (2016)
Shi, C.; D. Roy and P. Krivenko (2006). Alkali-Activated Cements and Concretes, CRC Press, UK.
Škvára, F. (2007). Microstructure of Cement-based systems/Bonding and Interfaces in Cementitious Materials Available: http://www.geopolymery.eu/ aitom/upload/documents/publikace/2007/2007_praha_skvara.pdf. 661 – 667.
Talling B and Brandstetr J. (1989). Present state and future of alkali-activated slag concretes. In: Proceedings third international conference on fly ash, silica fume, slag, and natural pozzolans in concrete. Trondheim, Norway.
Tashima M. M.; A. R. Carlos Da Silva, J. L. Akasaki and M. B. Barbosa. (2016). The Possibility of Adding the Rice Husk Ash (RHA) to the Concrete Available: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.482.8775&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Taylor, R. D. (2016). 2016 Outlook of the U.S. and World Sugar Markets, 2016-2025, Agribusiness and Applied Economics Report 751, Center for Agricultural Policy and Trade Studies. 1-26.
Tinga T. L.; R. P. Jayaa, N. AbdulHassana, H. Yaacoba, D. S. Jayantib and M. MohdAriffinc (2016). A review of chemical and physical properties of coconut shell in asphalt mixture, Jurnal Teknologi, 78(4):85 -89
Utsev, J. T. and Taku, J. K. (2012). Coconut shell ash as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement in concrete production, International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research. 1(8):12 - 21
Zhang, M. H, and Mohan, M.V. (1996). High-performance concrete incorporating rice husk ash as a supplementary cementing material, ACI Materials Journal. 93(6): 629- 636.
Adesanya, O.A. ; K.A. Oluyemi, S.J. Josiah, R. A. Adesanya, L. A. J. Shittu, D. A. Ofusori, M. A. Bankole and G. B. Babalola. (2008). Ethanol Production by Saccharomyces cereviasiae from Cassava Peel Hydrolysate. The Internet Journal of Microbiology. 5(1):25-35
Adesina, A. (2012). Investigating Nigeria’s agricultural value chains. A lecture presented at the Bank of Industry’s Nigerian Investment Forum, London, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 1 – 48.
Andrews-Phaedonos, F. (2014). Specification and Use of Geopolymer Concrete, In: 9th Austroads Bridge Conference, Sydney, Australia.
Arum C.; C. M. Ikumapayi and G. O. Aralepo. (2013). Ashes of Biogenic Wastes—Pozzolanicity, Prospects for Use, and Effects on Some Engineering Properties of Concrete, Materials Sciences and Applications, 4, 521-527.
ASTM C 618 (2008). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org.
Attwell, C. (2014). Geopolymer concrete: a practical approach, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, Johannesburg, South Africa. 466–474.
Aydın, S. and Baradan B. (2013). The effect of fiber properties on high performance alkali activated slag/silica fume mortars, Compos. B Eng. 45(1):63–69.
Bala A. I.; H. O. Aminulai, M. Abubakar, H. S. Abdulrahman and U. Musa. (2016). Partial replacement of cement with corn cob ash in concrete production, Proceedings: School of Engineering, International Conference, Minna, Nigeria, 504 – 509.
Olonade, K. A. and Bello, T. (2018). Alkali Activation of Coconut Shell Ash as Binder in Mortar. Proceedings NBBRI International Conference, Abuja, Nigeria, 23 – 31.
Boden, T.; G. Marland and R. J. Andreas. (2016). Global, regional, and national fossil-fuel CO2 emissions, oak ridge national laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA, available at: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/overview_ 2014.html, last access: 28 June 2017.
Bronzeoak Ltd. (2013). Rice Husk Ash Market Study, Exp. 129, Crown Publisher, UK.
Bui, D. D.; J. Hu and P. Stroeven. (2005). Particle size effect on the strength of rice husk ash blended gap-graded Portland cement concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites. 27(3): 357–366.
Calligaris, G. A.; M. K. Franco, K. D. Laurence, P. Aldrige, M. S. Rodrigues, A. L. Beraldo, F. Yokaichiya, X. Turrillas, and L. P. Cardoso. (2015). Assessing the pozzolanic activity of cements with added sugar cane straw ash by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis, Construction and Building Materials, 98: 44–50.
Calpe, C. (2007). Review of the rice market situation in 2007. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Available: http://www.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1410t/ a1410t01.pdf.
Carstensen, K. and Rapf, O. (2008). A blueprint for a climate friendly cement industry, WWF: Nürnberg, Germany.
Chang, J. J. (2003). A study on the setting characteristics of sodium silicate-activated slag pastes. Cement and Concrete Research 33(7):1005–1011
Chao L.; S. Henghu and L. Li. (2010). A review: The comparison between alkali activated slag (Si+Ca) and metakaolin (Si+Al) cements, Cement and Concrete Research 40:1341–1349
CEMBUREAU (2016). Cement and concrete: key facts and figures, T.E.C. Association.
Cordeiro, G. C.; A. P. Vieira and É. Lopes. (2017). Study on the pozzolanic activity of sugar cane straw ash produced using different pretreatments quim. Nova, 40(3): 264-269.
Davidovits, J. (1994). Geopolymer In: Metha PK (ed) Proceedings of V. Mohan Malhotra symposium: concrete technology, past, present and future. ACI SP-144, 383–397
Edwards, P. (2016). The Rise and Potential Peak of Cement Demand in the Urbanized World. CORNERSTONE, Available from: http://cornerstonemag.net/the-rise-and-potential-peak-of-cement-demand-in-the-urbanized-world/
El-Sayed, M. A. and El-Samni, T. M. (2006). Physical and chemical properties of rice straw ash and its effect on the cement paste produced from different cement types, J. King Saud Univ. Eng. Sci. 19 (1):21-30.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), (2016). Available: http://www.factfish. com/statisticcassava,%20 production %20quantity. Retrieved: 20th January, 2017.
FAOSTAT (2012). Available: http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID =567# ancor.
Glasby, T. J. R.; J. G. Day and E. F. C. Aldred. (2015). Geopolymer concrete aircraft pavements at Brisbane West Well camp Airport, Concrete 2015: 27th Biennial National Conference of the Concrete Institute of Australia in Conjunction With the 69th RILEM Week, Melbourne, Australia, 1051–1059.
Gluchovskij, V.D. (1959). Gruntosilikaty Gosstrojizdat Kiev 1959, Patent USSR 245 627 (1967), Patent USSR 449894 (Patent appl. 1958, filled 1974!).
Kamau, J.; A. Ahmed, P. Hirst and J. Kangwa. (2016). Viability of using corncob ash as a pozzolan in concrete, International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 5(6):4532 – 4544.
Law D. W.; A. A. Adam, T. K. Molyneaux and I. Patnaikuni. (2012). Durability assessment of alkali activated slag (AAS) concrete, Materials and Structures (2012) 45:1425–1437
Li, C and Li, H. S. A. (2010). Review: The comparison between alkali activated slag (Si+Ca) and metakaolin (Si+Al) cements Cement and Concrete Research 40, 1341–1349
Mahungu, N. and Anga, B. (2007). NEPAD Pan African Cassava Initiative (NPACI). Available: https://docslide.net/documents/nepad-pan-african-cassava-initiative-npaci-n-mahungu-and-b-anga-the-first.html.
Martinez-Ramirez, S., and Palomo, A. (2001). Alkali-activated fly ashes—A cement for the future. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(11):1581 1585.
Moise´s F. E.; E. Villar-Cocina and E. Valencia-Morales. (2007). Characterisation of sugar cane straw waste as pozzolanic material for construction: calcining temperature and kinetic, Waste Management, 27(4):533-538.
Nagarajan, V. K., S., Aruna, S. P. Devi, M. Manohari and M. Santha. (2014). Experimental study on partial replacement of cement with coconut shell ash in concrete, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 3(3): 23 – 30.
Nimityongskul, P. and Daladar, T. U. (1995). Use of coconut husk ash, corn cob ash and peanut shell ash as cement replacement, Journal of Ferrocement, 25(I): 35-44.
Olonade, K. A.; M. B. Jaji, and O. A. Adekitan. (2017). Experimental comparison of selected pozzolanic materials, African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, DOI: 10.1080/20421338.2017.1327931
Olonade, K. A.; A. M. Olajumoke, A. O. Omotosho and F. A. Oyekunle, (2014). Effects of sulphuric acid on the compressive strength of blended cement/cassava peel ash concrete, Construction Materials and Structures, S.O. Ekolu et al. (Eds.), IOS Press, 764 – 771, 2014. doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-466-4-764.
Olonade, K. A. (2017). Benefit - cost analysis of recycling solid wastes in concrete: a case study of cassava peels in Nigeria, Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 2(1): 1 – 8.
Olutaiwo A.O. and A. Adanikin. (2016). Evaluation of the structural performance of lateritic soil stabilized with cassava peel ash (CPA) and cement, International Journal of Constructive Research in Civil Engineering (IJCRCE), 2(2):18-26.
Pitt N. (1972). Process for the preparation of siliceous ashes, US Patent, 3959007, July 1972.
Raheem, A. A. and Adesanya D. A. (2011). A study of thermal conductivity of corn cob ash blended cement mortar The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 12(2):106 – 111.
Ramezanianpour, A. A.; M. Mahdikhani, and G. Ahmdibeni. (2009). The effect of rice husk ash on mechanical properties and durability of sustainable concretes, International Journal of Civil Engineering. 7(2):83 - 91
Reddy, T. S. and Prasad D. S. V. (2017). Stabilization of soil using sugarcane straw ash and polypropylene fibres, International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS), 4(6):5 -8.
Salau, M. A. and Olonade, K. A. (2011). Pozzolanic potentials of cassava peel ash, Journal of Engineering Research, 16(1):10-21.
Salau, M. A.; E. E. Ikponmwosa and K. A. Olonade. (2013). Effect of elevated temperature exposure on cassava peel ash concrete, American Journal of Materials Science, 3(5):142 -148.
Santos, V.; M. S. Rodrigues, L. Rodier, G. C. Brito and H. Savastano, (2015). kinetic reactions on cementitious matrices with sugarcane industry ashes https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/engineering/departments/ce2p2e/alternative_ village/media/16th_NOCMAT_2015_submission_127.pdf
Scrivener K. L.; V. M. John, and E. M. Gartner (2016). Eco-efficient cements: Potential economically viable solutions for a low-CO2 cement-based materials industry, UNEP Report (2016)
Shi, C.; D. Roy and P. Krivenko (2006). Alkali-Activated Cements and Concretes, CRC Press, UK.
Škvára, F. (2007). Microstructure of Cement-based systems/Bonding and Interfaces in Cementitious Materials Available: http://www.geopolymery.eu/ aitom/upload/documents/publikace/2007/2007_praha_skvara.pdf. 661 – 667.
Talling B and Brandstetr J. (1989). Present state and future of alkali-activated slag concretes. In: Proceedings third international conference on fly ash, silica fume, slag, and natural pozzolans in concrete. Trondheim, Norway.
Tashima M. M.; A. R. Carlos Da Silva, J. L. Akasaki and M. B. Barbosa. (2016). The Possibility of Adding the Rice Husk Ash (RHA) to the Concrete Available: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.482.8775&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Taylor, R. D. (2016). 2016 Outlook of the U.S. and World Sugar Markets, 2016-2025, Agribusiness and Applied Economics Report 751, Center for Agricultural Policy and Trade Studies. 1-26.
Tinga T. L.; R. P. Jayaa, N. AbdulHassana, H. Yaacoba, D. S. Jayantib and M. MohdAriffinc (2016). A review of chemical and physical properties of coconut shell in asphalt mixture, Jurnal Teknologi, 78(4):85 -89
Utsev, J. T. and Taku, J. K. (2012). Coconut shell ash as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement in concrete production, International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research. 1(8):12 - 21
Zhang, M. H, and Mohan, M.V. (1996). High-performance concrete incorporating rice husk ash as a supplementary cementing material, ACI Materials Journal. 93(6): 629- 636.
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