Physio-chemical and microstructural characteristics of selected pozzolanic materials for possible utilization in the cement and concrete production
Keywords:
Aquatic, agricultural, cementitious, SEM, XRF, XRD, FESEM-EDXAbstract
Abundant aquatic animal by-products are available in Nigeria which includes Clam, Oyster, Rock Snail and Periwinkle shells. These are usually dumped on open lands without any economic value after fleshy parts of these animals had been consumed by humans, hence, result into environmental problems. In the agricultural sector, Rice husk and Palm oil fuel ashes are by-products from rice and palm oil industries after the husks have been used as source of fuel. Disposal of these wastes are always a major issue as they constitute nuisance to the environment. This research has collected and characterized these wastes in the laboratory to ascertain their suitability as supplementary cementitious materials. With this study, physical properties such as particle size, specific gravity, specific surface area and morphology are conducted by Scanning Electron Morphology, SEM; chemical analysis are carried out with the aid of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), for microstructure examination, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) machine is used for detecting minerals in the materials while Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-ray analysis (FESEM-EDX) are used for image and element detection. The results of these analyses will help in the future work of pozzolanic and geopolymer construction in Nigeria. The results are further compared with previous literature to see their compatibility and discrepancy.
References
Abalaka, A. E. (2013). Strength Development and Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Pre-Soaked Rice Husk Ash. Construction Science, 14, 4-12.
Agbenyeku, E. and Aneke, I. (2014). Blended Rice Husk Ash Concrete; A Marginal Green Construction Material from Extended Hydration International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 5(1), 906 -910, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, http://www.ijser.org
Aprianti, E., P. Shafigh, S. Bahri, and J.N. Farahani. (2015). Supplementary cementitious materials origin from agricultural wastes – A review. Construction and Building Materials, 74, 176-187. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.010
ASTM C618. (2003). Standard specification for fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use as a mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM C. (2003). 618. Standard specification for fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use as a mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete.
Ayininuola, G. M. and O. I. Olaosebikan. (2013). Influence of Rice husk ash on soil permeability. Transnational Journal of Science and Technology, 3(10), 29-33.
Bai, Y., F. Darcy and P. Basheer. (2005). Strength and drying shrinkage properties of concrete containing furnace bottom ash as fine aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 19(9), 691-697.
Bakar, B. H. A., R. Putrajaya and H. Abdulaziz. (2010). Malaysian rice husk ash–improving the durability and corrosion resistance of concrete: pre-review. Concrete Research Letters, 1(1), 6-13.
Barbachi, M., A. Imad, F. Jeffali, K. Boudjellal and M. Bouabaz (2017). Physical characterization of sea shell for a concrete formulation. Journal of materials and Environmental Sciences, 8(1), 332-337.
Basha, E. A., R. Hashim, H.B. Mahmud and A.S. Muntohar. (2005). Stabilization of residual soil with rice husk ash and cement. Construction and Building Materials, 19(6), 448-453. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.08.001
Chindaprasirt, P. and S. Rukzon. (2008). Strength, porosity and corrosion resistance of ternary blend Portland cement, rice husk ash and fly ash mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 22(8), 1601-1606.
Ettu, L., C. Ajoku, K. Nwachukwu, C. Awodiji and U. Eziefula. (2013). Strength variation of OPC-rice husk ash composites with percentage rice husk ash. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Research, 2(4), 420-424.
Foong, K. Y., U. J. Alengaram, M. Z. Jumaat and K.H. Mo. (2015). Enhancement of the mechanical properties of lightweight oil palm shell concrete using rice husk ash and manufactured sand. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A, 16(1), 59-69.
Givi, A. N., S.A. Rashid, F. N. A. Aziz and M. A. M. Salleh (2010). Assessment of the effects of rice husk ash particle size on strength, water permeability and workability of binary blended concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 24(11), 2145-2150. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.045
Hanjitsuwan, S., T. Phoo-ngernkham, and N. Damrongwiriyanupap. (2017). Comparative study using Portland cement and calcium carbide residue as a promoter in bottom ash geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 133, 128-134.
Hesami, S., S. Ahmadi, and M. Nematzadeh. (2014). Effects of rice husk ash and fiber on mechanical properties of pervious concrete pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 53, 680-691.
Islam, A., U. J. Alengaram, M.Z. Jumaat, and I. I. Bashar (2014). The development of compressive strength of ground granulated blast furnace slag-palm oil fuel ash-fly ash based geopolymer mortar. Materials & Design (1980-2015), 56, 833-841. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.080
Jamil, M., M. Khan, M. Karim, A. Kaish, and M. Zain. (2016). Physical and chemical contributions of Rice Husk Ash on the properties of mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 128, 185-198.
Karim, M., H. Hashim, H. Abdul Razak, and S. Yusoff. (2017). Characterization of palm oil clinker powder for utilization in cement-based applications. Construction and Building Materials, 135, 21-29. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.158
Karim, M., M. F. M. Zain, M. Jamil, and F. Lai. (2013). Fabrication of a non-cement binder using slag, palm oil fuel ash and rice husk ash with sodium hydroxide. Construction and Building Materials, 49, 894-902.
Karim, M. R., H. Hashim, H. Abdul Razak, and S. Yusoff. (2017). Characterization of palm oil clinker powder for utilization in cement-based applications. Construction and Building Materials, 135, 21-29. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.158
Karim, M. R., M. F. Zain, M. Jamil, and M.N. Islam. (2011). Strength of concrete as influenced by palm oil fuel ash. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(5), 990-997.
Kocak, Y. and S. Nas. (2014). The effect of using fly ash on the strength and hydration characteristics of blended cements. Construction and Building Materials, 73, 25-32.
Lertwattanaruk, P., N. Makul and C. Siripattarapravat. (2012). Utilization of ground waste seashells in cement mortars for masonry and plastering. Journal of environmental management, 111, 133-141.
Lin, K., W. Chang, and D. Lin. (2008). Pozzolanic characteristics of pulverized incinerator bottom ash slag. Construction and Building Materials, 22(3), 324-329.
Marto, A., K. A. Kassim, A. M. Makhtar, L. F. Wei and Y. S. Lim. (2010). Engineering characteristics of Tanjung Bin coal ash. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 15, 1117-1129.
Muthusamy, K. and N. Sabri. (2012). Cockle shell: a potential partial coarse aggregate replacement in concrete. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 1(4), 260-267.
Naganathan, S., A. Y. O. Mohamed, and K. N. Mustapha. (2015). Performance of bricks made using fly ash and bottom ash. Construction and Building Materials, 96, 576-580.
Naganathan, S., N. Subramaniam and K. N. B. Mustapha. (2012). Development of brick using thermal power plant bottom ash and fly ash. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 13(2), 275-287.
Noorvand, H., A. A. Ali, R. Demirboga, N. Farzadnia, and H. Noorvand. (2013). Incorporation of nano TiO2 in black rice husk ash mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 1350-1361. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.066
Noorvand, H., A. A. Ali, R. Demirboga, H. Noorvand and N. Farzadnia. (2013). Physical and chemical characteristics of unground palm oil fuel ash cement mortars with nanosilica. Construction and Building Materials, 48, 1104-1113.
Ogork, E.-N. N. and O. A. Uche. (2014). Performance of groundnut husk ash (GHA)-rice husk ash (RHA) modified concrete in acidic environment. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4(11), 71-77.
Okafor, F. O. and U. N. Okonkwo (2009). Effects of rice husk ash on some geotechnical properties of lateritic soil. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 28(1), 46-52.
Olivia, M. and R. Oktaviani. (2017). Properties of Concrete Containing Ground Waste Cockle and Clam Seashells. Procedia engineering, 171, 658-663.
Opeyemi, D. and O. Makinde. (2012). The suitability of partial replacement of cement with rice husk ash and bone powder in concrete structures. International journal of emerging technology and advanced engineering, 2(9), 261-265.
Othman, N. H., B. H. A. Bakar, M. Don and M. Johari (2013). Cockle shell ash replacement for cement and filler in concrete. Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 25, 201-211.
Oyejobi, D. O., T. S. Abdulkadir and V. M. Ajibola. (2014). Investigation of rice husk ash cementitious constituent in concrete. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 10(3), 533-542.
PIND. (2011). Palm Oil Value Chain Analysis in the Niger Delta. 1st Floor St. Ja mes Building, 167 Ademola Adetokunbo Crescent, Wuse II, Abuja, Nigeria.
Ponnada, M. R., S. S. Prasad and H. Dharmala. (2016). Compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement of aggregates with granite powder and cockle shell. Mal. J. Civ. Eng, 28(2), 183-204.
Pyo, S. and H. K. Kim. (2017). Fresh and hardened properties of ultra-high performance concrete incorporating coal bottom ash and slag powder. Construction and Building Materials, 131, 459-466.
Rahman, M., A. Muntohar, V. Pakrashi, B. Nagaratnam and D. Sujan. (2014). Self compacting concrete from uncontrolled burning of rice husk and blended fine aggregate. Materials & Design, 55, 410-415.
Ranjbar, N., M. Mehrali, A. Behnia, U. J. Alengaram and M. Z. Jumaat. (2014). Compressive strength and microstructural analysis of fly ash/palm oil fuel ash based geopolymer mortar. Materials & Design, 59, 532-539. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.037
Salih, M. A., N. Farzadnia, A. A. Ali and R. Demirboga. (2015). Development of high strength alkali activated binder using palm oil fuel ash and GGBS at ambient temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 93, 289-300. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.119
Shafigh, P., M. Z. Jumaat, H. B. Mahmud and U.J. Alengaram. (2013). Oil palm shell lightweight concrete containing high volume ground granulated blast furnace slag. Construction and Building Materials, 40, 231-238. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.10.007
Siddique, R., P. Aggarwal, P. and Y. Aggarwal. (2012). Influence of water/powder ratio on strength properties of self-compacting concrete containing coal fly ash and bottom ash. Construction and Building Materials, 29, 73-81.
Singh, M. and R. Siddique. (2014). Strength properties and micro-structural properties of concrete containing coal bottom ash as partial replacement of fine aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 50, 246-256. Slavik, R., V. Bednarik, M. Vondruska, M. and A. Nemec. (2008). Preparation of geopolymer from fluidized bed combustion bottom ash. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 200(1-3), 265-270.
Tsado, T., M. Yewa, S. Yaman and F. Yewa. (2014). Comparative analysis of properties of some artificial pozzolana in concrete production. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(5), 251-255.
Umoh, A. and K. Olusola. (2013). Performance of periwinkle shell ash blended cement concrete exposed to magnesium sulphate. Civil Engineering Dimension, 15(2), 96-101.
Zain, M. F. M., M. N. Islam, F. Mahmud and M. Jamil. (2011). Production of rice husk ash for use in concrete as a supplementary cementitious material. Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), 798-805. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.003
Agbenyeku, E. and Aneke, I. (2014). Blended Rice Husk Ash Concrete; A Marginal Green Construction Material from Extended Hydration International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 5(1), 906 -910, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, http://www.ijser.org
Aprianti, E., P. Shafigh, S. Bahri, and J.N. Farahani. (2015). Supplementary cementitious materials origin from agricultural wastes – A review. Construction and Building Materials, 74, 176-187. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.010
ASTM C618. (2003). Standard specification for fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use as a mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM C. (2003). 618. Standard specification for fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use as a mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete.
Ayininuola, G. M. and O. I. Olaosebikan. (2013). Influence of Rice husk ash on soil permeability. Transnational Journal of Science and Technology, 3(10), 29-33.
Bai, Y., F. Darcy and P. Basheer. (2005). Strength and drying shrinkage properties of concrete containing furnace bottom ash as fine aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 19(9), 691-697.
Bakar, B. H. A., R. Putrajaya and H. Abdulaziz. (2010). Malaysian rice husk ash–improving the durability and corrosion resistance of concrete: pre-review. Concrete Research Letters, 1(1), 6-13.
Barbachi, M., A. Imad, F. Jeffali, K. Boudjellal and M. Bouabaz (2017). Physical characterization of sea shell for a concrete formulation. Journal of materials and Environmental Sciences, 8(1), 332-337.
Basha, E. A., R. Hashim, H.B. Mahmud and A.S. Muntohar. (2005). Stabilization of residual soil with rice husk ash and cement. Construction and Building Materials, 19(6), 448-453. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.08.001
Chindaprasirt, P. and S. Rukzon. (2008). Strength, porosity and corrosion resistance of ternary blend Portland cement, rice husk ash and fly ash mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 22(8), 1601-1606.
Ettu, L., C. Ajoku, K. Nwachukwu, C. Awodiji and U. Eziefula. (2013). Strength variation of OPC-rice husk ash composites with percentage rice husk ash. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Research, 2(4), 420-424.
Foong, K. Y., U. J. Alengaram, M. Z. Jumaat and K.H. Mo. (2015). Enhancement of the mechanical properties of lightweight oil palm shell concrete using rice husk ash and manufactured sand. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A, 16(1), 59-69.
Givi, A. N., S.A. Rashid, F. N. A. Aziz and M. A. M. Salleh (2010). Assessment of the effects of rice husk ash particle size on strength, water permeability and workability of binary blended concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 24(11), 2145-2150. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.045
Hanjitsuwan, S., T. Phoo-ngernkham, and N. Damrongwiriyanupap. (2017). Comparative study using Portland cement and calcium carbide residue as a promoter in bottom ash geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 133, 128-134.
Hesami, S., S. Ahmadi, and M. Nematzadeh. (2014). Effects of rice husk ash and fiber on mechanical properties of pervious concrete pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 53, 680-691.
Islam, A., U. J. Alengaram, M.Z. Jumaat, and I. I. Bashar (2014). The development of compressive strength of ground granulated blast furnace slag-palm oil fuel ash-fly ash based geopolymer mortar. Materials & Design (1980-2015), 56, 833-841. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.080
Jamil, M., M. Khan, M. Karim, A. Kaish, and M. Zain. (2016). Physical and chemical contributions of Rice Husk Ash on the properties of mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 128, 185-198.
Karim, M., H. Hashim, H. Abdul Razak, and S. Yusoff. (2017). Characterization of palm oil clinker powder for utilization in cement-based applications. Construction and Building Materials, 135, 21-29. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.158
Karim, M., M. F. M. Zain, M. Jamil, and F. Lai. (2013). Fabrication of a non-cement binder using slag, palm oil fuel ash and rice husk ash with sodium hydroxide. Construction and Building Materials, 49, 894-902.
Karim, M. R., H. Hashim, H. Abdul Razak, and S. Yusoff. (2017). Characterization of palm oil clinker powder for utilization in cement-based applications. Construction and Building Materials, 135, 21-29. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.158
Karim, M. R., M. F. Zain, M. Jamil, and M.N. Islam. (2011). Strength of concrete as influenced by palm oil fuel ash. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(5), 990-997.
Kocak, Y. and S. Nas. (2014). The effect of using fly ash on the strength and hydration characteristics of blended cements. Construction and Building Materials, 73, 25-32.
Lertwattanaruk, P., N. Makul and C. Siripattarapravat. (2012). Utilization of ground waste seashells in cement mortars for masonry and plastering. Journal of environmental management, 111, 133-141.
Lin, K., W. Chang, and D. Lin. (2008). Pozzolanic characteristics of pulverized incinerator bottom ash slag. Construction and Building Materials, 22(3), 324-329.
Marto, A., K. A. Kassim, A. M. Makhtar, L. F. Wei and Y. S. Lim. (2010). Engineering characteristics of Tanjung Bin coal ash. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 15, 1117-1129.
Muthusamy, K. and N. Sabri. (2012). Cockle shell: a potential partial coarse aggregate replacement in concrete. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 1(4), 260-267.
Naganathan, S., A. Y. O. Mohamed, and K. N. Mustapha. (2015). Performance of bricks made using fly ash and bottom ash. Construction and Building Materials, 96, 576-580.
Naganathan, S., N. Subramaniam and K. N. B. Mustapha. (2012). Development of brick using thermal power plant bottom ash and fly ash. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 13(2), 275-287.
Noorvand, H., A. A. Ali, R. Demirboga, N. Farzadnia, and H. Noorvand. (2013). Incorporation of nano TiO2 in black rice husk ash mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 1350-1361. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.066
Noorvand, H., A. A. Ali, R. Demirboga, H. Noorvand and N. Farzadnia. (2013). Physical and chemical characteristics of unground palm oil fuel ash cement mortars with nanosilica. Construction and Building Materials, 48, 1104-1113.
Ogork, E.-N. N. and O. A. Uche. (2014). Performance of groundnut husk ash (GHA)-rice husk ash (RHA) modified concrete in acidic environment. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4(11), 71-77.
Okafor, F. O. and U. N. Okonkwo (2009). Effects of rice husk ash on some geotechnical properties of lateritic soil. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 28(1), 46-52.
Olivia, M. and R. Oktaviani. (2017). Properties of Concrete Containing Ground Waste Cockle and Clam Seashells. Procedia engineering, 171, 658-663.
Opeyemi, D. and O. Makinde. (2012). The suitability of partial replacement of cement with rice husk ash and bone powder in concrete structures. International journal of emerging technology and advanced engineering, 2(9), 261-265.
Othman, N. H., B. H. A. Bakar, M. Don and M. Johari (2013). Cockle shell ash replacement for cement and filler in concrete. Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 25, 201-211.
Oyejobi, D. O., T. S. Abdulkadir and V. M. Ajibola. (2014). Investigation of rice husk ash cementitious constituent in concrete. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 10(3), 533-542.
PIND. (2011). Palm Oil Value Chain Analysis in the Niger Delta. 1st Floor St. Ja mes Building, 167 Ademola Adetokunbo Crescent, Wuse II, Abuja, Nigeria.
Ponnada, M. R., S. S. Prasad and H. Dharmala. (2016). Compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement of aggregates with granite powder and cockle shell. Mal. J. Civ. Eng, 28(2), 183-204.
Pyo, S. and H. K. Kim. (2017). Fresh and hardened properties of ultra-high performance concrete incorporating coal bottom ash and slag powder. Construction and Building Materials, 131, 459-466.
Rahman, M., A. Muntohar, V. Pakrashi, B. Nagaratnam and D. Sujan. (2014). Self compacting concrete from uncontrolled burning of rice husk and blended fine aggregate. Materials & Design, 55, 410-415.
Ranjbar, N., M. Mehrali, A. Behnia, U. J. Alengaram and M. Z. Jumaat. (2014). Compressive strength and microstructural analysis of fly ash/palm oil fuel ash based geopolymer mortar. Materials & Design, 59, 532-539. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.037
Salih, M. A., N. Farzadnia, A. A. Ali and R. Demirboga. (2015). Development of high strength alkali activated binder using palm oil fuel ash and GGBS at ambient temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 93, 289-300. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.119
Shafigh, P., M. Z. Jumaat, H. B. Mahmud and U.J. Alengaram. (2013). Oil palm shell lightweight concrete containing high volume ground granulated blast furnace slag. Construction and Building Materials, 40, 231-238. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.10.007
Siddique, R., P. Aggarwal, P. and Y. Aggarwal. (2012). Influence of water/powder ratio on strength properties of self-compacting concrete containing coal fly ash and bottom ash. Construction and Building Materials, 29, 73-81.
Singh, M. and R. Siddique. (2014). Strength properties and micro-structural properties of concrete containing coal bottom ash as partial replacement of fine aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 50, 246-256. Slavik, R., V. Bednarik, M. Vondruska, M. and A. Nemec. (2008). Preparation of geopolymer from fluidized bed combustion bottom ash. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 200(1-3), 265-270.
Tsado, T., M. Yewa, S. Yaman and F. Yewa. (2014). Comparative analysis of properties of some artificial pozzolana in concrete production. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(5), 251-255.
Umoh, A. and K. Olusola. (2013). Performance of periwinkle shell ash blended cement concrete exposed to magnesium sulphate. Civil Engineering Dimension, 15(2), 96-101.
Zain, M. F. M., M. N. Islam, F. Mahmud and M. Jamil. (2011). Production of rice husk ash for use in concrete as a supplementary cementitious material. Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), 798-805. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.003
Published
2019-06-06
Issue
Section
Articles
License
In accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976, which became effective January 1, 1978, the following statement signed by each author must accompany the manuscript submitted: "I, the undersigned author, transfer all copyright ownership of the manuscript referenced above to the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, in the event the work is published. I warrant that the article is original, does not infringe upon any copyright or other proprietary right of any third party, is not under consideration by another journal, and has not been published previously. I have reviewed and approve the submitted version of the manuscript and agree to its publication in the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development." A copyright transfer form should be downloaded from the NJTD Website ( http://njtd.com.ng/index.php/njtd). Author(s) will be consulted, whenever possible, regarding republication of material. All authors must have access to the data presented and the authors and sponsor (if applicable) must agree to share original data with the editor if requested.
