Biomass as Feedstocks for Solid Fuel Production: Advances in Sources, Conversion Techniques and Densification Methods
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63746/njtd.v22i2.3408Keywords:
Solid fuel, Thermochemical degradation, Organic matter, Biomass sources, Climate impactAbstract
The increasing global energy demand, driven by rapid population growth and socio-economic development, has intensified interest in affordable and sustainable energy alternatives. Biomass-based solid fuels offer a viable solution, given their renewability and potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in biomass feedstocks, thermochemical conversion technologies, and emerging densification methods for solid fuel production. The overview focused on studies published in the last decade between 2015 and 2024, emphasising research on biomass sources, conversion techniques, and densification methods for solid fuel production. Key conversion pathways, including thermochemical pretreatment technologies such as pyrolysis and torrefaction, are examined alongside densification techniques such as briquetting and palletisation. The overview evaluated each method based on technoeconomic feasibility, environmental impact, and combustion efficiency. Current bioenergy generation trends revealed a primary reliance on wood (67%), followed by woody residues (5%), agricultural residues (4%), and energy crops (3%). These biomass sources vary significantly in availability, environmental footprint, and suitability as substitutes for low-grade coal and firewood for process heating in thermal applications. The findings highlight the potential of thermochemical conversion as a robust approach for developing an affordable and sustainable solid biofuel supply chain.
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