Waste-ram-fat as a Feedstock for Biodiesel Production using Heterogeneous Catalyst of Kaolinite-clay Impregnated Calcium-oxide from Chicken Eggshell
Keywords:
Waste-ram-fat, Biodiesel, Catalyst, Calcium-oxide, Kaolinite-clayAbstract
Synthesis of a catalyst (AKC-CE) from activated kaolinite clay (AKC) and chicken eggshells (CE) for biodiesel production using waste-ram-fat (WRF) was undertaken in this study. Characterisation studies of AKC, CE, and AKC-CE samples were investigated using various equipment such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and High-resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM) incorporated with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The catalyst produced was tested for biodiesel production using WRF in a one-factor-at-a-time study of the process parameters. The XRD analysis showed that the main components of Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4, SiO2, and CaO are present in the AKC-CE catalyst. These compounds are commonly used as catalysts for biodiesel production. The AKC-CE catalyst’s morphology also demonstrated a significant cavity containing irregular crystals, with numerous white flaky crystals. These characteristics show that the catalyst would be efficient for WRF transesterification for biodiesel production. The highest biodiesel yield of 81.33% was obtained at process parameters of MeOH: WRF molar ratio of 18:1, reaction time of 4 h, catalyst loading of 10% (w/w), and temperature of 70oC. The biodiesel produced with the developed catalyst has properties within the ASTM standard. The AKC-CE catalyst is effective for producing biodiesel from WRF. Using WRF and chicken eggshells as materials for sustainable energy may not pose more threat to food availability in the biodiesel production that meets the ASTM standard as established in the Nigerian Biofuel Policy. Therefore, an increase in the use of non-edible feedstock for biofuel production is recommended.
References
Abayazeed, S. D., Ibrahim, A. M., Alshami, A. S., & Saadawy, D. A. (2019). Mineralogy and diagenetic impacts on the chemical composition of Paleozoic mudrocks, southwestern Sinai, Egypt. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 43(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0137-3
Ajala, E. O., Ajala, M. A., Ajao, A. O., Saka, H. B., & Oladipo, A. C. (2020). Calcium-carbide residue: A precursor for the synthesis of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–CaSO4 solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production using waste lard. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 4(August), 100033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2020.100033
Ajala, E. O., Ajala, M. A., Odetoye, T. E., & Okunlola, A. T. (2019a). Synthesis of solid catalyst from dolomite for biodiesel production using palm kernel oil in an optimization process by definitive screening design. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 36(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20190362s20180516
Ajala, E. O., Ajala, M. A., Okedere, O. B., Aberuagba, F., & Awoyemi, V. (2019b). Synthesis of solid catalyst from natural calcite for biodiesel production: A case study of palm kernel oil in an optimization study using definitive screening design study of palm kernel oil in an optimization study using definitive. Biofuels, 0(0), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2018.1532752
Ajala, E. O., Eletta, O. A. A., Ajala, M. A., & Oyeniyi, S. K. (2018). Characterisation and evaluation of chicken eggshell for use as a bio-resource. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 14(1), 26–40.
Ajala, M. A., Abdulkareem, A. S., Tijani, J. O., & Kovo, A. S. (2022). Adsorptive behaviour of rutile phased titania nanoparticles supported on acid-modified kaolinite clay for the removal of selected heavy metal ions from mining wastewater. Applied Water Science, 12(19), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01561-8
Albuquerque, M. C. G., Jiménez-Urbistondo, I., Santamaría-González, J., Mérida-Robles, J. M., Moreno-Tost, R., Rodríguez-Castellón, E., Jiménez-López, A., Azevedo, D. C. S., Cavalcante, C. L., & Maireles-Torres, P. (2008). CaO-supported mesoporous silicas as basic catalysts for transesterification reactions. Applied Catalysis A: General, 334(1–2), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2007.09.028
Aliyu, A. S., Deba, A. A., Saidu, H., Mohammed, I. L., & Usman, M. M. (2017). Biofuel development in Nigeria: Prospect and challenges. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 1(1), 1–9.
Awogbemi, O., Inambao, F., & Onuh, E. I. (2020). Modification and characterization of chicken eggshell for possible catalytic applications. Heliyon, 6(October), e05283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05283
Bello, S. I., Ahmed, A. S., Okonkwo, P. C., Abdelmalik, A. A., & Audu, N. (2021). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of ceramic raw materials in Kogi State, Nigeria for high voltage porcelain insulators. African Scholars Journal of Pure and Applied Science (JPAS-9), 22(9), 179–188.
Betiku, E., & Ajala, S. O. (2014). Modelling and optimization of Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) oil biodiesel synthesis via Musa paradisiacal (plantain) peels as a heterogeneous base catalyst: A case of artificial neural network vs. response surface methodology. Industrial Crops and Products, 53, 314–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.12.046
Chingakham, C., David, A., & Sajith, V. (2019). Fe3O4 nanoparticles impregnated eggshell as a novel catalyst for enhanced biodiesel production. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, #pagerange#. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2019.02.022
Dewi, R., Agusnar, H., Alfian, Z., Tamrin, Z., & Mekonnen, T. (2018). Characterization of technical kaolin using XRF, SEM, XRD, FTIR, and its potential as industrial raw materials. IOP Conference Series: Journal of Physics, 1116(042010), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1116/4/042010
Dwiwedi, S. K., Srivastava, A. K., Sugimoto, K., & Chopkar, M. (2018). Microstructural and mechanical characterization of chicken eggshell-reinforced Al6061 matrix composites. Open Journal of Metal, 8, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmetal.2018.81001
Hajra, B., Sultana, N., Pathak, A. K., & Guria, C. (2015). Response surface method and genetic algorithm assisted optimal synthesis of biodiesel from high-free fatty acid sal oil (Shorea robusta) using ion-exchange resin at high temperature. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 3, 2378–2392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.08.015
Hassan, S. T., & Nageswara, R. L. (2018). Utilization of modified eggshells as a solid catalyst for the Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel. Austin Chemical Engineering, 5(1), 1–8.
Ibrahim, S. S., Husssein, S. M., & Shihab, O. H. (2014). Interaction between Kaolin and Urea (organoclay) (FTIR, XRD, and thermodynamic studies). Journal of the University of Anbar for Pure Science, 8(2), 31–37.
Iorliam, A. Y., Msueg, M., & Anum, B. (2021). Carbon capture potential in lime-modified kaolin clay. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 13(6), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.21817/ijet/2021/v13i6/211306004
Jamo, U. H., & Abdu, S. G. (2014). Structural analysis and surface morphology of Kaolin. Science World Journal, 9(3), 33–37.
Kamkum, P., Atiwongsangthong, N., Muanghlua, R., & Vittayakorn, N. (2015). Application of chicken eggshell waste as a starting material for synthesizing calcium niobate (Ca4Nb2O9) powder. Ceramics International, 41(1), S69–S75.
Khalid, M., Salwah, S., Jikan, B., Adzila, S., Murni, Z., Azam, N., Rosley, R., & Hameed, M. U. (2022). Synthesis and characterizations of hydroxyapatite using precursor extracted from chicken eggshell waste. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 12(4), 5663–5671.
Kumar, A., & Lingfa, P. (2020). Sodium bentonite and kaolin clays: Comparative study on their FT-IR, XRF, and XRD. Materials Today: Proceedings, 22(3), 737–742.
Kwong, T. L., & Yung, K. F. (2015). Heterogeneous alkaline earth metal-transition metal bimetallic catalysts for the synthesis of biodiesel from low-grade unrefined feedstock. RSC Advances, 5(102), 83748–83756.
Lani, N. S., Ngadi, N., & Inuwa, I. M. (2020). New route for the synthesis of silica-supported calcium oxide catalyst in biodiesel production. Renewable Energy, 156, 1266–1277.
Liu, H., Guo, H., Wang, X., Jiang, J., Lin, H., & Han, S. (2016). Mixed and ground KBr-impregnated calcined snail shell and kaolin as solid base catalysts for biodiesel production. Renewable Energy, 93, 648–657.
Minakshi, M., Higley, S., Baur, C., Mitchell, D. R. G., Jones, R. T., & Fichtner, M. (2019). Calcined chicken eggshell electrode for battery and supercapacitor applications. Royal Society of Chemistry, 9, 26981–26995.
Mmusi, K. C., Odisitse, S., & Nareetsile, F. (2021). Comparison of CaO-NPs and chicken eggshell-derived CaO in the production of biodiesel from Schinziophyton rautanenii (Mongongo) nut oil. Journal of Chemistry, 1–15.
Mohadi, R., Anggraini, K., Riyanti, F., & Lesbani, A. (2016). Preparation of calcium oxide (CaO) from chicken eggshells. Sriwijaya Journal of Environment, 1(2), 32–35. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.22135/sje.2016.1.2.32-35
Mudi, K. Y., Akande, H. F., & Oyawoye, M. R. (2018). Characterization of Kaolin clay from Ejigbo, Lagos, South-Western Nigeria. IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 5(11), 1–14.
Munir, M., Ahmad, M., Saeed, M., Waseem, A., Rehan, M., Nizami, A., Zafar, M., Arshad, M., & Sultana, S. (2019). Sustainable production of bioenergy from novel non-edible seed oil (Prunus cerasoides) using bimetallic impregnated montmorillonite clay catalyst. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 109(December 2018), 321–332.
Naemchan, K., Meejoo, S., Onreabroy, W., & Limsuwan, P. (2008). Temperature effect on chicken eggshell investigated by XRD, TGA, and FTIR. Advanced Materials Research, 55–57, 333–336. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.55-57.333
Odetoye, T. E., Agu, J. O., & Ajala, E. O. (2021). Biodiesel production from poultry wastes: Waste chicken fat and eggshell. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, May, 105654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105654
Odetoye, T. E., Ajala, E. O., & Titiloye, J. O. (2019). A review of a bioenergy policy implementation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities and challenges- A case of Nigeria, Ghana and Malawi. FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(1), 87–91.
Ohimain, E. I. (2013a). A review of the Nigerian biofuel policy and incentives (2007). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 246–256.
Ohimain, E. I. (2013b). Can the Nigerian biofuel policy and incentives (2007) transform Nigeria into a biofuel economy? Energy Policy, 54, 352–359.
Ok, Y. S., Lee, S. S., Jeon, W.-T., Oh, S.-E., Usman, A. R. A., & Moon, D. H. (2011). Application of eggshell waste for the immobilization of cadmium and Lead in contaminated soil. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 33(May 2014), 31–39.
Oniemola, P. K., & Sanusi, G. (2009). The Nigerian Bio-fuel Policy and Incentives (2007): A need to follow the Brazilian pathway. International Association for Energy Economics, Fourth Qua, 35–39.
Oyebanjo, O. M., Ekosse, G. E., Odiyo, J. O., & Access, O. (2018). Mineral constituents and kaolinite crystallinity of the <2 µm fraction of Cretaceous-Paleogene/Neogene kaolins from Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins, Nigeria. DE GRUYTER Open Geoscience, 10, 157–166.
Sabir, A., Abbas, H., Amini, A. Y., & Asmal, S. (2021). Characterization of duck egg shells and bioceramic materials in making denture applications. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1088(012116), 1–7
Senoussi, H., Osmani, H., Courtois, C., & Bourahli, H. (2016). Mineralogical and chemical characterization of DD3 kaolin from the east of Algeria. Boletín De La Sociedad Española De Cerámica Y Vidrioe, 55, 121–126.
Setiadji, S., Sundari, C. D., Munir, M., & Fitriyah, S. (2018). Synthesis of solid catalyst from eggshell waste and clay for biodiesel production. IOP Conference Series: Journal of Physics, 1013(012199), 1–6.
Sivaprakash, G., Mohanrasu, K., Ravindran, B., Jin, W., Al, D. A., Soliman, M., Al, M. M., Alkufeidy, R. M., & Arun, A. (2020). Integrated approach: Al2O3-CaO nanocatalytic biodiesel production and antibacterial potential silver nanoparticle synthesis from Pedalium murex extract. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 32(2), 1503–1509.
Syukri, S., Septioga, K., Arief, S., Putri, Y. E., Efdi, M., & Septiani, U. (2020). Natural clay of pasaman barat enriched by CaO of chicken eggshells as a catalyst for biodiesel production. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 15(3), 662–673. Toldra-Reig, F., Mora, L., & Toldra, F. (2020). Applied sciences trends in biodiesel production from animal fat waste. Applied Science, 10(3644), 1–17.
Xie, W., & Wang, H. (2020). Immobilized polymeric sulfonated ionic liquid on core-shell structured Fe3O4/SiO2 composites: A magnetically recyclable catalyst for simultaneous transesterification and esterifications of low-cost oils to biodiesel. Renewable Energy, 145, 1709–171
Yusuff, A. S., Adeniyi, O. D., Olutoye, M., & Akpan, U. G. (2018). Development and characterization of a composite Anthill-chicken eggshell catalyst for biodiesel production from waste frying oil. International Journal of Technology, 1(January), 110–119.
Yusuff, A. S., & Popoola, L. T. (2019). Optimization of biodiesel production from waste frying oil over alumina-supported chicken eggshell catalyst using experimental design tool. Acta Polytechnica, 59(1), 88–97.
Zunino, F., & Karen, E. B. (2021). The impact of calcite impurities in clays containing kaolinite on their reactivity in cement after calcination. Materials and Structures, 9(2020).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Nigerian Journal of Technological Development
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
In accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976, which became effective January 1, 1978, the following statement signed by each author must accompany the manuscript submitted: "I, the undersigned author, transfer all copyright ownership of the manuscript referenced above to the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, in the event the work is published. I warrant that the article is original, does not infringe upon any copyright or other proprietary right of any third party, is not under consideration by another journal, and has not been published previously. I have reviewed and approve the submitted version of the manuscript and agree to its publication in the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development." A copyright transfer form should be downloaded from the NJTD Website ( http://njtd.com.ng/index.php/njtd). Author(s) will be consulted, whenever possible, regarding republication of material. All authors must have access to the data presented and the authors and sponsor (if applicable) must agree to share original data with the editor if requested.
