Review Appraisal of Synthetic Aperture Radar Technique for Earth Deformation Monitoring: Applications and Insights for Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63746/njtd.v23i2.4140Keywords:
D-InSAR, PS-InSAR, SBAS, Geodynamics, Environmental hazard & Earth DeformationAbstract
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a geodetic remote sensing technique used to measure ground deformation with high precision and is widely applied in environmental monitoring and geodynamic studies. This review explored three main processing methods: Differential InSAR (D-InSAR), Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI), and Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) technique. D-InSAR estimates deformation by comparing phase differences between two co-registered SAR images, PSI focuses on stable reflectors called persistent scatterers, and SBAS uses multiple acquisitions with short temporal and spatial baselines to minimize decorrelation and atmospheric effects. SBAS performance is improved through singular value decomposition (SVD), which helps resolve rank-deficient problems in interferometric processing. In Nigeria, recent studies indicate emerging susceptibility to low-to-moderate seismic activity despite its historical classification as an aseismic region. The country’s geology includes the Precambrian Basement Complex, Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary basins, and minor volcanic zones, with ancient fault systems such as the Ifewara-Zungeru Shear Zone potentially reactivating due to natural and anthropogenic forces. InSAR can support monitoring of land subsidence, infrastructure instability, and seismic hazards in urban areas such as Lagos, Port Harcourt, and Abuja. However, its application is constrained by limited access to high-resolution satellite data, insufficient technical expertise, and signal decorrelation in vegetated regions. To fully realize InSAR’s potential for sustainable development and disaster risk reduction in Nigeria, stronger capacity building, improved data access, and integration with GIS, GPS, and ground-based observations are required. Collaboration among national institutions and international partners is essential for advancing geohazard monitoring and environmental management capabilities across Nigeria and beyond effectively.
References
Abbas, I. I., Auta, S. Z., & Bala, A. (2018). Geospatial analysis of land subsidence due to groundwater extraction in parts of north-central Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Geography and the Environment, 9(1), 55–64.
Abdulazeez, A. (2024). Issues of Environmental Theory and Practice in Nigeria.
Abolarin, J. & Adedeji, A. (2016). Investigating Earthquake Magnitude by Seismic Signals and Wavelet Transform in Optimal Design. Webs journal Of Science and Engineering Application. 6. 424-440.
Adagunodo, T. A., Sunmonu, L. A., & Akinwumi, S. A. (2020). An overview of seismicity in Nigeria and implications for future geohazard risk. Natural Hazards Research, 2(1), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2020.03.001
Adagunodo, T. A., Sunmonu, L. A., & Oyeyemi, K. D. (2018). Potential of satellite-based InSAR techniques in monitoring ground deformation in Nigeria. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(1), 1–14.
Adepelumi, A. A., Ako, B. D., Ajayi, T. R., Olorunfemi, A. O., Awoyemi, M. O., & Falebita, D. E. (2008). Integrated geophysical mapping of the Ifewara transcurrent fault system, Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 52(4-5), 161-166.
Adepelumi, A. A., Ojo, A. O., & Adigun, O. O. (2022). Seismotectonic evaluation of the central Nigerian basement using microseismicity and gravity data. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 183, 104383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104383
Adepoju, K. A., & Adelabu, S. A. (2020). Remote sensing of flood risk and land subsidence in Nigeria: The role of InSAR. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 14(3), 75–84.
Afegbua, K. U., Yakubu, T. A., Akpan, O. U., Duncan, D., & Usifoh, E. S. (2011). Towards an integrated seismic hazard monitoring in Nigeria using geophysical and geodetic techniques. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6(28), 6385-6393.
Agram, P. S., & Simons, M. (2015). A Noise Model for the InSAR Time Series. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2015, 120, 2752–2771. [CrossRef]
Ajibade, A. C., & Fitches, W. R. (1988). The Nigerian Precambrian and the Pan-African orogeny. In Precambrian Geology of Nigeria (pp. 45–53). Geological Survey of Nigeria.
Akinyede, J. O., Adepoju, K. A., & Oyeniyi, A. B. (2017). Urban land subsidence monitoring using InSAR in Nigeria.
Akpan, O., & Yakubu, T. (2010). A review of earthquake occurrences and observations in Nigeria. Earthquake Science. 23. 289-294. 10.1007/s11589-010-0725-7.
Alabi, M. (2024). Sustainable Infrastructure and Climate Change Resilience.
Alademomi, A. S., Olaleye, J. B., & Oyeleye, O. (2020). Establishing deformation and subsidence monitoring baseline for coastal environment: A case study of University of Lagos. South African Journal of Geomatics, 9(1), 49-63.
Almulhim, A. I. (2025). Building Urban Resilience Through Smart City Planning: A Systematic Literature Review. Smart Cities, 8(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8010022
Al-Zaidy, M. & Al-Ali, A. (2023). Using InSAR Techniques to Estimate the Ground Deformation Resulting from Earthquakes in Northeast Iraq. 10.13140/RG.2.2.12577.62565.
Ameh, A. E., & Ogungbemi, A. O. (2017). Seismicity and seismic hazard assessment in Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 129, 103-113.
Amponsah, P. E. (2004). Seismic hazard assessment in West Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 39(3), 251-262.
Arogundade, A., Awoyemi, M., Hammed, O., Falade, S., & Ajama, O. (2022). Structural Investigation of Zungeru-Kalangai Fault Zone and it environ, Nigeria using Aeromagnetic and Remote Sensing Data. Heliyon. 8. e09055. 10.1016/j.heliyon. 2022.e09055.
Ashraf, T., Yin, F., Liu, L., & Zhang, Q. (2024). Land Subsidence Detection Using SBAS- and Stacking-InSAR with Zonal Statistics and Topographic Correlations in Lakhra Coal Mines, Pakistan. Remote Sensing, 16(20), 3815. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203815
Aswathi, J., Binoj Kumar, R. B., Oommen, T., Bouali, E. H., & Sajinkumar, K. S. (2022). InSAR as a tool for monitoring hydropower projects: A review, Energy Geoscience,3(2), 160-171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engeos.2021.12.007.
Awoyemi, M. O., Omosebi, O. O., & Adebiyi, T. A. (2017). Fault detection and characterization along the Zungeru-Kalangai Fault Zone using aeromagnetic data. Nigerian Journal of Geosciences, 10(2), 134-149.
Awoyemi, M., Hammed, O., Falade, S., Arogundade, A., Ajama, O., Iwalehin, P., & Olurin, O. (2020). Geophysical investigation of the possible extension of Ifewara fault zone beyond Ilesa area, southwestern Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 10. 10.1007/s12517-016-2813-z.
Ayodele, O. S. (2015). The Geology, Geochemistry and Petrogenetic Studies of the Precambrian Basement Rocks around Iworoko, are and Afao Area, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science. Vol.5, No.3,
Baba, M., Bako M., Opaluwa, Y. D., Adegboyega, O. R., & Muhammed A. Y. (2024). Detection of Land Deformation Using Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) Technique Over Part of Kaduna State, Nigeria. School of Environmental Technology International Conference Proceedings. ISBN: 978-978-54580-8-4
Bakon, M., Czikhardt, R., Papco, J., Barlak, J., Rovnak, M., Adamisin, P., & Perissin, D. (2020). A Sentinel-1 Multi-Temporal InSAR Infrastructure Monitoring Service with Automatic Updates and Data Mining Capabilities. Remote Sensing, 12(11), 1892. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12111892
Barton, N. (1984). Effects Of Rock Mass Deformation on Tunnel Performance in Seismic Regions. Advances In Tunnelling Technology and Subsurface Use. 4. 89-99.
Benkhelil, J. (1989). The origin and evolution of the Cretaceous Benue Trough (Nigeria). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 8(2–4), 251–282.
Berardino, P., Fornaro, G., Lanari, R., & Sansosti, E. (2002). A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 40(11), 2375-2383.
Bernardi, M. S., Africa, P. C., & de Falco, C. (2021). On the Use of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Data for Monitoring and Forecasting Natural Hazards. Math Geosci 53, 1781–1812. Doi.org/10.1007/s11004-021-09948-8
Bouraoui, S. (2013). Time series analysis of SAR images using persistent scatterer (PS), small baseline (SB) and merged approaches in regions with small surface deformation (Doctoral dissertation, Université de Strasbourg).
Burgmann, R., Rosen, P., & Fielding, E. (2000). Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry to Measure Earth’s Surface Topography and Its Deformation. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 28. 169-209. 10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.169.
Cascini, L., Peduto, D., Pisciotta, G., Arena, L., Ferlisi, S., & Fornaro, G. (2013). The combination of DInSAR and facility damage data for the updating of slow-moving landslide inventory maps at medium scale. Journal of the European Geosciences Union., 13(6) 13, 1527–1549, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1527-2013
Casu, F., Elefante, S., Imperatore, P., Zinno, I., Manunta, M., Luca, C., & Lanari, Riccardo. (2014). SBAS-DInSAR parallel processing for deformation time-series computation. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 7. 10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2322671.
Casu, F., Manconi, A., Pepe, A., & Lanari, R. (2011). Deformation Time-Series Generation in Areas Characterized by Large Displacement Dynamics: The SAR Amplitude Pixel-Offset SBAS Technique. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on. 49. 2752 - 2763. 10.1109/TGRS.2010.2104325
Chen A C, & Zebker H A. (2013) Reducing Ionospheric Effects in InSAR Data Using Accurate Co-registration. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing, 52(1):60-70.
Cheng, Y., Pang, H., Li, Y., Fan, L., Wei, S., Yuan, Z., & Fang, Y. (2025). Applications and Advancements of Spaceborne InSAR in Landslide Monitoring and Susceptibility Mapping: A Systematic Review. Remote Sensing, 17(6), 999. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17060999
Chukwunweike C. Amadia, E. D., Ukob, C. O., Ofoegbuc, A. A., Adekunled, O. S. A. (2020). Appraisal of the Abaji-Abuja (Nigeria) ML 2.25 Earth-tremor of 10th January 2020. Malaysian Journal of Geosciences (MJG) 7(1) (2023) 31-38., http://doi.org/10.26480/mjg.01.2023.31.38
Coutinho, R., Alves, J., Falcão, H., Pontes, J., & Júnior, W. (2023). Applicability of the InSAR technique for slope monitoring. Soils and Rocks. 46. 10.28927/SR.2023.008023.
Crosetto, M. & Monserrat, O. & Cuevas-González, María & Devanthéry, Núria & Crippa, B. (2015). Persistent Scatterer Interferometry: A review. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.011.
Crosetto, M., Agudo, M., Capes, R., & Marsh, S. (2007). Gmes Terrafirma: Validation of Psi for Users Results of The Provence Inter-Comparison
Crosetto, M., Monserrat, O., & Cuevas-González, M. (2016). Persistent Scatterer Interferometry: A review. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 113, 44-55.
Culshaw, M. & Price, S. (2012). The contribution of urban geology to the development, regeneration and conservation of cities. The 2010 Hans Cloos lecture. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 70. 333-376. 10.1007/s10064-011-0377-4.
D’Aranno, P. J. V., Di Benedetto, A., Fiani, M., Marsella, M., Moriero, I., & Palenzuela Baena, J. A. (2021). An Application of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) Technique for Infrastructure Monitoring. Remote Sensing, 13(6), 1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061052
Daramola, S. & Ibem, E. (2009). Urban environmental problems in Nigeria: implications for sustainable development. 12.
David, O. S., Akinyemi, O. O., & Akintayo, O. A. (2022). Geophysical evaluation of earth tremor activities in central Nigeria using high-resolution airborne magnetic data. Advances in Research, 10(3), 45-63.
Deangeli, C., Barla, M., & Sterpi, D. (2024). Failure and Deformation Behavior of Underground Geo-Structures: Advances in Geomechanics. Applied Sciences, 14(11), 4526. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114526
Delacourt, C., Briole, P., & Achache, A. J. (1998). Tropospheric corrections of SAR interferograms with strong topography. Application to Etna. J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 2849–2852. [CrossRef]
Devanthéry, N., Crosetto, M., Monserrat, O., Cuevas-González, M., & Crippa, B. (2014). An Approach to Persistent Scatterer Interferometry. Remote Sensing, 6(7), 6662-6679. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6076662
Din, A. H. M., Reba, M. N., Omar, K. M., Razli, M. R. B. M., & Rusli, N. (2015). Land subsidence monitoring using persistent scatterer InSAR (PSInSAR) in Kelantan catchment. In 36th Asian Conf. Remote Sens. (ACRS 2015).
Ding, X.-l., Li, Z. W., Zhu, J. J., Feng, G. C., & Long, J. P. (2008). Atmospheric Effects on InSAR Measurements and Their Mitigation. Sensors, 8(9), 5426-5448. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8095426
Doin, M. P., & Lasserre, C., Peltzer, G., Cavalié, O., & Doubre, C. (2009). Corrections of stratified tropospheric delays in SAR interferometry: Validation with Global Atmospheric Models. Journal of Applied Geophysics. 69. 35-50. 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2009.03.010.
Ducret, G., Doin, M. P., Grandin, R., Lasserre, C., & Guillaso, S. (2011). DEM Corrections Before Unwrapping in a Small Baseline Strategy for InSAR Time Series Analysis. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 11. 1353-1356. 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049316.
Ebere, N. R., Chinagorom, I. E., Chukwuemeka, E. F., & Osagie, O. A. (2024). Mapping and analysis of land subsidence in Awka south LGA using sentinel 1 data. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 22(3), 528-536.
Eluyemi A. A., Sharma S, Olotu S. J., Falebita D. E., Adepelumi A. A., Tubosun I. A. (2020). A GIS-based site investigation for nuclear power plants (NPPs) in Nigeria. Sci Afr. 2020;7: e00240.
Emardson, T. R., Simons, M., & Webb, F. H. (2003). Neutral atmospheric delay in interferometric synthetic aperture radar applications: Statistical description and mitigation. J. Geophys. Res, 108, 2231. [CrossRef]
Ferretti, A., Fumagalli, A., Novali, F., Prati, C., Rocca, F., & Rucci, A. (2011). A new algorithm for processing interferometric data-stacks: SqueeSAR. IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, 49(9), 3460-3470.
Ferretti, A., Prati, C., & Rocca, F. (2001). Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39(1), 8-20. Doi: 10.1109/36.898661
Ferretti, A., Savio, G., Barzaghi, R., Borghi, A., Musazzi, S., Novali, F., & Prati, C. (2007). Subsidence monitoring using ascending and descending passes SAR data: A case study in the Netherlands. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 45(11), 3546-3556. Doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2007.903084
Fiaschi, S., Holohan, E. P., Sheehy, M., & Floris, M. (2019). PS-InSAR Analysis of Sentinel-1 Data for Detecting Ground Motion in Temperate Oceanic Climate Zones: A Case Study in the Republic of Ireland. Remote Sensing, 11(3), 348. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030348.
Fibbi, G., Landini, N., & Intrieri, E. (2025). Open-Source InSAR Data to Detect Ground Displacement Induced by Underground Gas Storage Reservoirs. Earth Syst Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-025-00593-3
Furberg, D., Ban, Y., & Nascetti, A. (2019). Monitoring of Urbanization and Analysis of Environmental Impact in Stockholm with Sentinel-2A and SPOT-5 Multispectral Data. Remote Sensing, 11(20), 2408. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202408
Gagliardi, V. B., Ciampoli, L., Trevisani, S., D'Amico, F., Alani, M. A., Benedetto, A., &Tosti, F. (2021). Testing Sentinel-1 SAR Interferometry Data for Airport Runway Monitoring: A Geostatistical Analysis. Sensors. 21. 10.3390/s21175769.
Galloway, D., Bawden, G., Leake, S., & Honegger, D. G. (2008). Land subsidence hazards. Landslide and land subsidence hazards to pipelines. US Geol Surv Open-File Rep. 1164.
Gamal, M. (2013). Truthfulness of the Existence of the Pelusium Megashear Fault System, East of Cairo, Egypt. International Journal of Geosciences. 4. 212-227. 10.4236/ijg.2013.41018.
Gambolati, G, & Teatini, P. (2021). Land Subsidence and its Mitigation, The Groundwater Project, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. (https://gw-project.org/books/land-subsidence-and-its-mitigation/).
Gao, X., Liu, Y., Li, T., & Wu, D. (2017). High Precision DEM Generation Algorithm Based on InSAR Multi-Look Iteration. Remote Sensing, 9(7), 741. Doi.org/10.3390/rs9070741
Gernhardt, S., & Bamler, R. (2012). Deformation monitoring of single buildings using meter-resolution SAR data in PSI. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 73. 68–79. 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2012.06.009.
Ghaderpour, E., Mazzanti, P., Bozzano, F., & Mugnozza, G. (2024). Ground deformation monitoring via PS-InSAR time series: An industrial zone in Sacco River Valley, central Italy. Remote Sensing Applications Society and Environment. 34. 101191. 10.1016/j.rsase.2024.101191.
Girei, A. A., Balzter, H., & Batisani, N. (2021). Application of Sentinel-1 SAR data for ground deformation mapping in sub-Saharan Africa. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 22, 100478.
Gong, W., Thiele, A., Hinz, S., Meyer, F. J., Hooper, A., & Agram, P. S. (2016). Comparison of Small Baseline Interferometric SAR Processors for Estimating Ground Deformation. Remote Sensing, 8(4), 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040330
Gonzales, P, J., & Fernandez, J. (2011). Error estimation in multitemporal InSAR deformation time series with application to Lanzarote canary island. Journal of Geophysical research., 10(116). Doi. Org/10.1029/2011j B008412
Guiraud, R., Maurin, J. C., & Binks, R. M. (1992). Basement control on the development of the early Cretaceous Benue Trough (Nigeria and Cameroon). Tectonophysics, 213(1–2), 151–165.
Hanssen, R. F. (2001). Radar Interferometry: Data Interpretation and Error Analysis. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, Boston. Journal of Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing., 2., Doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47633-9
Hoeser, T. (2018). Analysing the Capabilities and Limitations of InSAR using Sentinel-1 Data for Landslide Detection and Monitoring. 10.13140/RG.2.2.35085.59362.
Hooper, A., Bekaert, D., Spaans, K., & Arikan, M. (2012). Recent advances in SAR interferometry time series analysis for measuring crustal deformation. Tectonophysics, 514–517, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hooper, A., Segall, P., & Zebker, H. (2007). Persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar for crustal deformation analysis, with application to Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 112(B7).
Hooper, A., Zebker, H., Segall, P., & Kampes, B. (2004). A new method for measuring deformation on volcanoes and other natural terrains using InSAR persistent scatterers. Geophysical Research Letters., 31(23), L23611. DOI.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53802-4.00113-5
Hooper, A. (2008). A multi-temporal InSAR method incorporating both persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches. Geophysical Research Letters, 35; doi:10.1029/2008GL034654. 35. 10.1029/2008GL034654.
Hrysiewicz, A., Holohan, E. P., Donohue, S., & Cushnan, H., (2023). SAR and InSAR data linked to soil moisture changes on a temperate raised peatland subjected to wildfire, Remote Sensing of Environment. 291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113516.
Huo, J., & Peng, C. (2023). Depletion of natural resources and environmental quality: Prospects of energy use, energy imports, and economic growth hindrances., Resources Policy, (86). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104049.
Ibrahim, M., & Al-Bander, B. (2024). An integrated approach for understanding global earthquake patterns and enhancing seismic risk assessment. International Journal of Information Technology. 16. 10.1007/s41870-024-01778-1.
Ikuemonisan, F. E., Ozebo, V. C., & Olatinsu, O. B. (2020). Geostatistical evaluation of spatial variability of land subsidence rates in Lagos, Nigeria. Geodesy and Geodynamics, 11(5), 316-327.
Ikwuyatum, G. (2016). Migration and Urbanization: Exploring the Factors of the Nexus in Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 6.
Isioye, O. A., & Musa, A. (2007). Long-term geodetic leveling for crustal motion studies: Case study of Ahmadu Bello University. Transactions of the Nigerian Institution of Surveyors, 32(1), 21-33.
Ismail, A., Rashid, A. S. A., Amhadi, T., Nazir, R., Irsyam, M., & Faizal, L. (2024). Exploring the Evolution of Seismic Hazard and Risk Assessment Research: A Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability, 16(7), 2687. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072687
Isukuru, E. J., Opha, J. O., Isaiah, O. W., Blessing Orovwighose, B., & Emmanuel, S. S. (2024). Nigeria's water crisis: Abundant water, polluted reality, Cleaner Water, 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100026.
Jefriza, J., Yusoff, I. M., Abir, I., Syahreza, S. Rusdi, M., Razi, P., & Lateh, H. (2020). The applications of InSAR technique for natural hazard detection in smart society. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1572. 012067. 10.1088/1742-6596/1572/1/012067.
Jia, H., Wang, Y., Ge, D., Deng, Y., & Wang, R. (2022). InSAR Study of Landslides: Early Detection, Three-Dimensional, and Long-Term Surface Displacement Estimation: A Case of Xiaojiang River Basin, China. Remote Sensing, 14(7), 1759. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071759
Jiang, L., Shao, Y., Zhou, Z., Ma, P., & Wang, T. (2024). A review of intelligent InSAR data processing: recent advancements, challenges and prospects. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 53(6), 1037-1056. doi: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2024.20230440.
Josset, L., Lall, U., Prakash, D., & Dinar, A. (2024). Public Health, Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Urban Land Subsidence. 10.22541/essoar.170808438.89045530/v1.
Kadiri U. A., Yakubu T. A., Akpan O. U., Duncan D., & Usifoh, E. S. (2011). Towards an integrated seismic hazard monitoring in Nigeria using geophysical and geodetic techniques. Int. J. Phys. Sci. 6. 10.5897/IJPS10.375.
Kampes, B. (2005). Displacement Parameter Estimation Using Permanent Scatterer Interferometry. D L R - Forschungsberichte.
Kampes, B. (2006). Radar Interferometry - Persistent Scatterer Technique. 10.1007/978-1-4020-4723-7.
Kapucu, N., Ge, Y., Rott, E., & Isgandar, H. (2024). Urban resilience: Multidimensional perspectives, challenges and prospects for future research, Urban Governance,4(3).162-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ugj.2024.09.003.
Karamvasis, K., & Karathanassi, V. (2020). Performance Analysis of Open-Source Time Series InSAR Methods for Deformation Monitoring over a Broader Mining Region. Remote Sensing, 12(9), 1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091380
Krishnakumar, V., Qiu, Z., Monserrat, O., Barra, A., López-Vinielles, J., Reyes-Carmona, C., Gao, Q., Cuevas-González, M., Palamà, R., Crippa, B., & Gili, J. A. (2021). Sentinel-1 A-DInSAR Approaches to Map and Monitor Ground Displacements. Remote Sensing, 13(6), 1120. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061120.
Kruszewski, M., Montegrossi, G., Balcewicz, M., Gonzalez de Lucio, G., Igbokwe, O. A., Backers, T., Saenger, E. H. (2022). 3D in situ stress state modelling and fault reactivation risk exemplified in the Ruhr region (Germany), Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment,32. 100386.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2022.100386.
Kumar, P., Debele, S. E., Sahani, J., Rawat, N., Marti-Cardona, B., Alfieri, S. M., Bidroha Basu, B., Basu, S. A., Bowyer, P., Charizopoulos, N., Jaakko, J., Loupis, M., Menenti, M., Mickovski, S. B., Pfeiffer, J., Pilla, F., Pröll, J., Pulvirenti, B., Rutzinger, M., Sannigrahi, S., Spyrou, C., Tuomenvirta, H., Vojinovic, Z., Zieher, T. (2021). An overview of monitoring methods for assessing the performance of nature-based solutions against natural hazards, Earth-Science Reviews, 217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103603.
Lanari, R., Bonano., M., Casu, f., De Luca., C., Manunta, Manzo, M., Onorato, G., & Zinno, I. (2020). Automatic Generation of Sentinel-1 Continental Scale DInSAR Deformation Time Series through an Extended P-SBAS Processing Pipeline in a Cloud Computing Environment. Remote Sens. 12(18), 2961. Doi.org/10.3390/rs12182961
Lanari, R., Casu, F., Francesco, M., & Mariarosaria, Z., & Giovanni, B, Paolo, M., Michele, M., & Pepe, A. A. (2007). An Overview of the Small BAseline Subset Algorithm: a DInSAR Technique for Surface Deformation Analysis. Pure And Applied Geophysics. 164. 637-661. 10.1007/s00024-007-0192-9.
Lanari, R., Mora, O., Manunta, M., Mallorquí, J. J., Berardino, P., & Sansosti, E. (2004). A small-baseline approach for investigating deformations on full-resolution differential SAR interferograms. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 42(7), 1377-1386.
Lanari, R., Vidal, O., De Andrade, V., Dubacq, B., Lewin, E., Grosch, E. G., & Schwartz, S. (2014). XMapTools: A MATLAB©-based program for electron microprobe X-ray image processing and geothermobarometric. Computers & Geosciences, 62, 227-240.
Lee, S.-J., Yun, H.-S., & Kim, T.-Y. (2025). Monitoring of High-Speed Railway Ground Deformation Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Analysis. Applied Sciences, 15(8), 4318. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084318
Letsoalo, R., Mogashane, M., Mashale, T., Ntsasa, K., Mkhohlakali, N., A., & Tshilongo, J. (2024). Sustainable Approaches to Monitoring Urban Particulate Matter Monitoring: Challenges and Innovations. IntechOpen. Doi: 10.5772/intechopen.1007884
Li, Z., Cao, Y., Wei, J., Duan, M., Wu, L., Hou, J., & Zhu J. (2019). Time-series InSAR ground deformation monitoring: Atmospheric delay modelling and estimating. Earth-Science Reviews. DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.03.008
Li, S., Xu, W., & Li, Z. (2022). Review of the SBAS InSAR Time-series algorithms, applications, and challenges. Geodesy and Geodynamics, 13(2), 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2021.09.007
Liang, H., Zhang, L., Lu, Z., & Li, X. (2023). Correction of spatially varying stratified atmospheric delays in multitemporal InSAR. Remote Sensing of Environment, (285), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113382.
Lim, H. W., & Fang, D. (2022). Role of hazard information in the adoption of seismic hazard adjustments: Information treatment experiment in Beijing, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103182.
Liu, J., Liu, B., An, X., Kou, H., & Li, B. (2025). Numerical simulation for large baseline interferometric imaging altimeter, Geodesy and Geodynamics,16(1),111-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2024.07.005.
Liu, P., Li, Z., Hooper, A., & Zhang, J. (2020). InSAR time series analysis of land subsidence in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. Remote Sensing of Environment, 237, 111442. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2019.111442
Liu, X., Chen, Q., Zhao, J., Xu, Q., Luo, R., Zhang, Y., & Liu, G. (2018). The spatial response pattern of coseismal landslides induced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake to the surface deformation and Coulomb stress change revealed from InSAR observations. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 87, 102030.
Lu, Z., Kwoun, O., & Rykhus, R. (2007). Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). Its Past, Present and Future. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 73.
Luo, P., Jin, X., Nie, D., Liu, Y., & Wei, Y. (2024). Deformation Monitoring Based on SBAS-InSAR and Leveling Measurement: A Case Study of the Jing-Mi Diversion Canal in China. Sensors. 24. 3871. 10.3390/s24123871.
Ma, S., Xu, C., Shao, X., Xu, X., & Liu, A. (2021). A Large Old Landslide in Sichuan Province, China: Surface Displacement Monitoring and Potential Instability Assessment. Remote Sensing. 13. 2552. 10.3390/rs13132552.
Macchiarulo, V., Milillo, P., Blenkinsopp, C., Reale, C., & Giardina, G. (2021). Multi-temporal InSAR for transport infrastructure monitoring: recent trends and challenges, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Bridge Engineering, 176(2). 92-117. https://doi.org/10.1680/jbren.21.00039.
Machireddy, S. R. (2023). Natural Resource Management using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems. In book: Environmental Science and Engineering, Publisher: REST Publishe. DOI: 10.46632/ese/2/2/12,
Mahmud, M. U., Yakubu, T. A., Adewuyi, T. O., Ruiz Armenteros, A. M., Bakon, M., Lazecky, M., & Perissin, D. (2016). Subsidence monitoring in the coastal region of Nigeria using multi temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (MT-InSAR). Marine and Petroleum Geology, 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104872.
Mashala, M. J., Dube, T., Mudereri, B. T., Ayisi, K., & Ramudzuli, M. R. (2023). A Systematic Review on Advancements in Remote Sensing for Assessing and Monitoring Land Use and Land Cover Changes Impacts on Surface Water Resources in Semi-Arid Tropical Environments. Remote Sensing, 15(16), 3926. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15163926
Massonnet, D., & Feigl, K. (1998). Massonnet, D. & Feigl, K. L. Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth's surface. Rev. Geophys. 36, 441-500. Reviews of Geophysics. 36. 10.1029/97RG03139.
Mastro, P., Masiello, G., Serio, C., & Pepe, A. (2022). Change Detection Techniques with Synthetic Aperture Radar Images: Experiments with Random Forests and Sentinel-1 Observations. Remote Sensing, 14(14), 3323. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143323.
Mbarika, V., & Byrd, T. (2009). An Exploratory Study of Strategies to Improve Africa's Least Developed Economies; Telecommunications Infrastructure: The Stakeholders Speak. Engineering Management, IEEE Transactions on. 56. 312 - 328. 10.1109/TEM.2009.2013826.
McCalpin, J.P. (2013). Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards. In: Bobrowsky, P.T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_48
Meyer, F., Bamler, R., Jakowski, N., & Fritz, T. (2006). The potential of low-frequency SAR systems for mapping ionospheric TEC distributions. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 3, 560–564. [CrossRef]
Minotti, P. G., Rajngewerc, M., Santoro V. A., & Grimson, R. (2021). Evaluation of SAR C-band interferometric coherence time-series for coastal wetland hydro-pattern mapping, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 106, Doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102976.
Moluaa, C. O., Vwavwareb J. O., & Chukwunwikeb O. (2024). Seismic Hazard Assessments for Nigeria's Urban Centers. Earth Sciences Pakistan (ESP) Earth Science., 8(1), 19-27 DOI: http://doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2024.19.27
Mondini, A. C., Guzzetti, F., Chang, Kang-Tsung., Monserrat, O., Martha, T. R., & Manconi, A. (2021). Landslide failures detection and mapping using Synthetic Aperture Radar: Past, present and future, Earth-Science Reviews. 216, .Doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103574.
Mourjane, M., Tabyaoui, H., & El-Hammichi, F. (2024). Integration of DInSAR and SBAS radar techniques to delineate the main areas of river recharge by sediments using ALOS-PALSAR-2 data: Oued Ghis case in Morocco., Web of Conferences 109, 01028 https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410901028 WA2EN2023
Moustafa, S. S. R., Yassien, M. H., Metwaly, M., Faried, A. M., & Elsaka, B. (2024). Applying Geostatistics to Understand Seismic Activity Patterns in the Northern Red Sea Boundary Zone. Applied Sciences, 14(4), 1455. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041455.
Naserikia, M., Hart, M. A., Nazarian, N., Bechtel, B., Lipson, M., & Nice, K. A. (2023). Land surface and air temperature dynamics: The role of urban form and seasonality. Science of The Total Environment. 905, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167306
Neev, D & Hall, J. K (1982). The Pelusium Megashear System Across Africa and Associated Lineament Swarms Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, NO. B2, PAGES 1015-1030, Marine Geology Division, Geological Survey of Israel Jerusalem, Israel 95501 JOHN M. SAUL ORYX, Paris, 75009 France
Njambi, R. (2022). How persistent scatter interferometry is used to predict and prevent infrastructural damage. https://up42.com/blog/author/rose-njambi.
Nwagbara, M. O., Okeke, O. C., & Eze, P. N. (2020). GIS-based assessment of land deformation and flood vulnerability in Abuja, Nigeria.
O’Farrell, J., O’Fionnagáin, D., Babatunde, A. O., Geever, M., Codyre, P., Murphy, P. C., Spillane, C., & Golden, A. (2025). Quantifying the Impact of Crude Oil Spills on the Mangrove Ecosystem in the Niger Delta Using AI and Earth Observation. Remote Sensing, 17(3), 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17030358
Obaje, N., Attah, D., Opeloye, S., & Moumouni, A. (2006). Geochemical evaluation of the hydrocarbon prospects of sedimentary basins in Northern Nigeria. Geochemical Journal - Geochem J. 40. 227-243. 10.2343/geochemj.40.227.
Odeyemi, I. B., Okonkwo, C. A., & Ibrahim, M. A. (2021). The Ifewara-Zungeru shear zone and its geotectonic implications on seismicity in Nigeria. Geological Journal of Nigeria, 56(2), 89–102.
Odukoya, A. M., Amadi, A. N., & Obaje, N. G. (2020). Mapping earthquake risk zones in Nigeria using geospatial techniques. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79(7), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-08963-3
Ohenhen, L. & Shirzaei, M. (2022). Land Subsidence Hazard and Building Collapse Risk in the Coastal City of Lagos, West Africa. Earth's Future. 10. 10.10.10.2022EF003219.
Ojigi, L. M., Abdulkadir, F. I., & Aderoju, O. M. (2013). Urban growth monitoring using remote sensing and GIS techniques: A case study of Abuja, Nigeria. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, 16(1), 1–10.
Okem, Eche & Nwokediegwu, Zamathula & Umoh, Aniekan & Biu, Preye & Obaedo, Bartholomew & Sibanda, Michael. (2024). Civil engineering and disaster resilience: A review of innovations in building safe and sustainable communities. International Journal of Science and Research Archive. 11. 639-650. 10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0107.
Okiwelu, A., Okwueze, E., Akpan, P., & Ude, I. (2014). Basin Framework and Basement Structuring of Lower Benue Trough, West Africa based on Regional Magnetic Field Data: Tectonic and Hydrocarbon Implications. Earth Science Research. 4. 10.5539/esr. v4n1p1.
Okpoli, C., A. Oladunjoye, M., & Herrero-Bervera, E. (2022). Geodynamics of Precambrian Rocks of Southwestern Nigeria. IntechOpen. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.104668
Oladejo, O. P., Adagunodo*, T. A., Sunmonu, L. A., Adabanija, M. A., Enemuwe, C. A., & Isibor, P. O. (2020). Aeromagnetic mapping of fault architecture along Lagos–Ore axis, southwestern Nigeria. Geosciences., https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0100.
Oluseyi, A. Bamisaiye, P., & Ajala, T. (2021). Pan African Nappe system: evidence of thrust structures from Okemesi, southwestern Nigeria, Heliyon,7(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07174.
Oluwafemi, J. O Ofuyatan, O.M., Ede, A. N., Oyebisi, S. O., Akinwumi I.I Babaremu, K. (2018). Review Of Earthquakes in Nigeria: An Understudied Area. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET).9(8)
Onn, F., & Zebker, H. A. (2006). Correction for interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric phase artifacts using time series of zenith wet delay observations from a GPS network. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111, B09102. [CrossRef]
Onwuzuligbo, C. & Ono, M. N. (2022). Need for the Determination of the Nigerian Fault Lines. Journal of Earth Environment and Health Sciences. 10.7176/JEES/11-10-05.
Orellana, F., Rivera, D., Montalva, G., & Arumi, J. L. (2023). InSAR-Based Early Warning Monitoring Framework to Assess Aquifer Deterioration. Remote Sensing, 15(7), 1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071786
Osmanoglu, Batuhan & Sunar, Filiz & Wdowinski, Shimon & Cabral-Cano, Enrique. (2015). Time series analysis of InSAR data: Methods and trends. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 115. 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.003.
Oštir, K., & Marko, K. (2007). PSInSAR and DInSAR methodology comparison and their applicability in the field of surface deformations – A case of NW Slovenia. Geologija. 50. 10.5474/geologija.2007.007.
Osumeje, J. O., Eshimiakhe, D. & Iliya, D. D. (2023). Structural Pattern Evaluation Using Aeromagnetic Data; A Case Study of Mpape, North Central Nigeria., Nigerian Journal of Physics. 32(1), https://njp.nipngr.org/index.php/njp/article/view/2
Oyedele, K. F., Olatinsu, O. B., Ige-Adeyeye, A. A. (2020). Seismic impedance inversion and attribute analysis for reservoir characterization in an offshore depobelt, Niger Delta, Nigeria. SN Appl. Sci. 2, 1757. Doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03571-8
Oyibo, D. & Kadiri, U. (2023). Earth Tremors - Emerging Threats in Northern Nigeria. Fudma Journal of Sciences. 7. 1-7. 10.33003/Fjs-2023-0706-2093.
Parashar, A. (2022). Seismic hazard assessment and significance of ground motion prediction equations: a deterministic approach. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering. 24. 1-12. 10.1007/s42107-022-00521-0.
Pepe, A., & Calò, F. (2017). Review of InSAR multi-track approach for retrieval of Earth surface deformation. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 137, 131-143. Doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2017.01.016
Pepe, A., Auria, L., Castaldo, R., Casu, F., De Luca, C., De Novellis, V., & Tizzani, P. (2018). The use of massive deformation datasets for the analysis of spatial and temporal evolution of Mauna Loa volcano (hawai’i). Remote Sensing, 10(6), 968.
Pepe, A., Lanari, R., & Zinno, I. (2019). SBAS-D-InSAR analysis via the SVD algorithm: A novel approach to mitigate the ranking deficit problem. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 57(10), 7611-7623.
Qamar, F., Sharma, M. S., & Dobler, G. (2022). The Impacts of Air Quality on Vegetation Health in Dense Urban Environments: A Ground-Based Hyperspectral Imaging Approach. Remote Sensing, 14(16), 3854. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14163854
Radman, A., Akhundzada, M., & Hosseiny, B. (2021). Integrating InSAR and deep learning for modeling and predicting subsidence over the adjacent area of Lake Urmia, Iran. GIScience & Remote Sensing. 58. 10.1080/15481603.2021.1991689.
Rahaman, M. A. (1988). Recent Advances in the Study of the Basement Complex of Nigeria. In Precambrian Geology of Nigeria, Geological Survey of Nigeria, Kaduna South, 11-43
Rao, Y. S., Kumar, S. V., & Venkateswarlu, N. (2018). Land deformation monitoring using persistent scatterer interferometry. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 46(5), 761-770. doi: 10.1007/s12524-017-0756-4
Raucoules, D., Bourgine, B., deMichele, M., Cozannet, G. Le, Bremmer, C., Veldkamp, J. G., Tragheim, D., Bateson, L., Crosetto, M., Agudo, M., and Engdahl, M. (2009). Validation and intercomparison of Persistent Scatterers Interferometry: PSIC4 project results. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 68(3), 335–347.
Reinders, K., Giardina, G., Zurfluh, F., Ryser, J., & Hanssen, R. (2022). Proving compliance with Satellite InSAR Technology with Geotechnical Design Codes. Transportation Geotechnics. 33. 100722. 10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100722.
Renato, M. de-Matos, D., Krueger, A., Norton, I., & Casey, K. (2021). The fundamental role of the Borborema and Benin–Nigeria provinces of NE Brazil and NW Africa during the development of the South Atlantic Cretaceous Rift system,
Ronczyk, L., Zelenka-Hegyi, A., Török, G., Orbán, Z., Defilippi, M., Kovács, I. P., Kovács, D. M., Burai, P., & Pasquali, P. (2022). Nationwide, Operational Sentinel-1 Based InSAR Monitoring System in the Cloud for Strategic Water Facilities in Hungary. Remote Sensing, 14(14), 3251. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143251
Rosen, P. A., Hensley, S., Joughin, I. R., Li, F. K., Madsen, S. N., Rodriguez, E., & Goldstein, R. M. (2000). Synthetic aperture radar interferometry. Proceedings of the IEEE, 88(3), 333-382.
Rosen, P. A., Hensley, S., Joughin, I. R., Li, F. K., Madsen, S. N., Rodriguez, E., & Goldstein, R. M. (2000). Synthetic aperture radar interferometry. Proceedings of the IEEE, 88(3), 333-382.
Rozsa, S., Ambrus, B., Juni, I., Ober, P., & Mile, M. (2020). An advanced residual error model for tropospheric delay estimation. GPS Solutions. 24. 10.1007/s10291-020-01017-7.
Sabadini, R., & Vermeersen, B. (2004). Post-Seismic Deformation. Global Dynamics of the Earth: Applications of Normal Mode Relaxation Theory to Solid-Earth Geophysics, 269-291.
Saber, M., Abdel-Fattah, M., Kantoush, S., & Sumi, T. (2018). Implications of land subsidence due to groundwater over-pumping: Monitoring methodology using GRACE data. International Journal of Geomate. 14. 52-59. 10.21660/2018.41.76894.
Salawu, N., Omosanya, K., & Fournier, D. (2024). The Middle Niger Basin in Nigeria Has a Rift Origin, as Revealed by the Inversion and Modeling of Gravity and Magnetic Data. Earth and Space Science. 11. 10.1029/2023EA003025.
Sarker, Md. S., Kamal, A. S. M. M., Rahman, Md. Z., & Faruki Fahim, A. K. (2024). Land subsidence monitoring using InSAR technique in the southwestern region of Bangladesh. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2024.2333795
Schmidt, D. A., & Bürgmann, R. (2003). Time-dependent land uplift and subsidence in the Santa Clara valley, California, from a large interferometric synthetic aperture radar data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 108(B9), 2416. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002267
Shanker, A. P., & Zebker, H. (2007). Persistent scatterer selection using maximum likelihood estimation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L22301.
Sharifi, A., & Yamagata, Y. (2018). Resilience-Oriented Urban Planning. 10.1007/978-3-319-75798-8_1.
Sheng, Y., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., & Li, Q. (2012). Differential radar interferometry and its application in monitoring underground coal mining-induced subsidence. Environmental Earth Sciences, 66(1), 214-221. Doi: 10.1007/s12665-011-1143-3
Shiwua, A. J. (2013). Seismicity in Nigeria: the need for earthquake-resistant structures. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Cz?stochowskiej. Budownictwo, 19 (169), 171–178.
Simons, M. & Rosen, P. A. (2015). Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Geodesy. 10.1016/B978-0-444-53802-4.00061-0.
Sousa, M. L., & Tsionis, G. (2025). National seismic risk assessment: an overview and practical guide. Nat Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-07008-y
Spaans, K & Hooper, A. (2016). InSAR processing for volcano monitoring and other near-real time applications, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 121(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012752
Tahir, M., Imran, M., Faris, N., Afridi, M., Khalil, M., & Karachi, P. (2025). Frontier in Geophysical Exploration: Emerging Technologies & Application. 2059-6596.
Thapa, S., Chatterjee, R., Singh, K. & Kumar, D. (2016). Land Subsidence Monitoring Using Ps-Insar Technique For L-Band Sar Data. Isprs - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. XLI-B7. 995-997. 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLI-B7-995-2016.
Tian, W., Zhao, Z., Hu, C., Wang, J., & Zeng, T. (2019). GB-InSAR-Based DEM Generation Method and Precision Analysis. Remote Sensing, 11(9), 997. Doi.org/10.3390/rs1109099
Tijani, M. (2023). Geology of Nigeria Precambrian Basement Complex Sedimentary Rocks Cretaceous Quaternary Alluvial deposit.
Tofani, V., Raspini, F., Catani, F., & Casagli, N. (2013). Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique for landslide characterization and monitoring. Remote Sensing, 5(3), 1045-1065.
Tong, T., Li, G., Liu, X., & Gao, Q. (2017). Image super-resolution using dense skip connections. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision (pp. 4799-4807).
Tsalha, M., Lar, U., Yakubu, T., Kadiri, U., & Duncan, D. (2015). The Review of the Historical and Recent Seismic Activity in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG). Doi. 10.9790/0990-03114856
Tzouvaras, M., Danezis, C., & Hadjimitsis, D. G. (2020). Differential SAR Interferometry Using Sentinel-1 Imagery-Limitations in Monitoring Fast Moving Landslides: The Case Study of Cyprus. Geosciences, 10(6), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060236
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. United Nations. https://www.undrr.org/publication/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030
Usai, S., (2003). A Least Squares Database Approach for SAR Interferometric Data. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on. 41. 753 - 760. 10.1109/TGRS.2003.810675.
Uys, D. (2016). InSAR: An Introduction. Preview. ISSN: 1443-2471 10. 43-48. 10.1071/PVv2016n182p43.
Wang, C., Ling Chang, L., Xiang-Sheng Wang, X. S., Zhang, B., & Stein, A. (2024). Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Statistical Inference in Deformation Measurement and Geophysical Inversion. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine DOI. 10.1109/MGRS.2023.3344159
Wang, H., Zhu, J., Chen, L., & Shi, H. (2025). Incorporating Dynamic Factors in Geological Hazard Risk Assessment: Integrating InSAR Deformation and Rainfall Conditions. Atmosphere, 16(4), 360. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040360
Wang, T., Perissin, D., & Lin, H. (2020). Recent advances in persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI). Remote Sensing, 12(11), Article 1721
Wang, Y., Song, Y., Lin, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., & Hong, W. (2019). Interferometric DEM-assisted high precision imaging method for ArcSAR. Sensors, 19(13), 2921.
Wang, Z., Li, W., Zhao, Y., Jiang, A., Zhao, T., Guo, Q., ... & Ren, X. (2023). Monitoring Ground Displacement in Mining Areas with Time-Series Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar by Integrating Persistent Scatterer/Slowly Decoherent Filtering Phase/Distributed Scatterer Approaches Based on Signal-to-Noise Ratio. Applied Sciences, 13(15), 8695.
Wdowinski, S., Amelung, F., Kim, S. W., & Dixon, T. (2015). Wetland InSAR. Remote Sensing of Wetlands: Applications and Advances; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA
Wdowinski, S., Oliver-Cabrera, T., & Fiaschi, S. (2020). Land subsidence contribution to coastal flooding hazard in southeast Florida. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 382, 207-211
Woillez, M. N., Ikuemonisan, F. F., Ozebo, V. C., Minderhoud, P. S. J., & Teatini, P. (2023). A scoping review of the vulnerability of Nigeria's coastland to sea-level rise and the contribution of land subsidence. Research paper, 284, 38. ISSN; 2492-2846
World Bank (2012). Disaster Risk Management in South Asia: A Regional Overview., The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20433, U.S.A. Internet: www.worldbank.org
Wu, H., Zhang, Y., Kang, Y., Wei, J., Lu, Z., Yan, W., Wang, H., Liu, Z., Lv, X., Zhou, M., Li, K., Liu, Y., & Liu, N. (2024). SAR interferometry on full scatterers: Mapping ground deformation with ultra-high density from space, Remote Sensing of Environment, 302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113965.
Xu, H., Luo, Y., Yang, B., Li, Z., & Liu, W. (2019). Tropospheric Delay Correction Based on a Three-Dimensional Joint Model for InSAR. Remote Sensing, 11(21), 2542. Doi.org/10.3390/rs11212542
Yang Q, Zuo X, Guo S, & Zhao Y. (2023). Evaluation of InSAR Tropospheric Delay Correction Methods in the Plateau Monsoon Climate Region Considering Spatial-Temporal Variability. Sensors (Basel). 2023 Dec 2;23(23):9574. Doi: 10.3390/s23239574.
Yu, Y., Li, Q., Xu, Z., Lü, Q., Zhan, W., & Yao, X. (2024). An Evaluation of Tropospheric Correction Models for InSAR in Ground Deformation Monitoring: A Case Study in Zhejiang Province, China. Sustainability, 16(11), 4349. Doi.org/10.3390/su16114349
Yunjun, Z., Fattahi, H., & Amelung, F. (2019). Small baseline InSAR time series analysis: Unwrapping error correction and noise reduction, Computers & Geosciences, (133). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2019.104331.
Yusuf, A., San, L. H., & Abir, I. A. (2021). A Preliminary Geothermal Prospectivity Mapping Based on Integrated GIS, Remote-Sensing, and Geophysical Techniques around Northeastern Nigeria. Sustainability, 13(15), 8525. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158525
Zakka, L., Wuyep, L. C., Monday, I. A., Kadiri, U. A., Thomas, H. Y., Ogugua, E. P., Ahmad, H. A., John, I. S., Ezekiel, W. P., & Gambo, S. (2024). Earthquake Dynamics in Nigeria: Insights, Challenges, and Preparedness Measures. Asian Journal of Geological Research, 7(1), 58–73. Retrieved from https://journalajoger.com/index.php/AJOGER/article/view/156
Zebker, H. A., & Villasenor, J. (1992). Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 30(5), 950–959
Zebker, H.A. Goldstein, R.M. (1986). Topographic Mapping from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 91, 4993-4999.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB05p04993
Zhang, B., Wang, R., Deng, Y., Ma, P., Lin, H., & Wang, J. (2019). Mapping the Yellow River Delta land subsidence with multitemporal SAR interferometry by exploiting both persistent and distributed scatterers. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 148, 157-173.
Zhang, L., & Lu, Z. (2022). Advances in InSAR Imaging and Data Processing. Remote Sensing, 14(17), 4307. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174307
Zhang, Y., Li, Z., & Liu, Y. (2020). Atmospheric phase screen estimation and correction for InSAR using a distributed scatterer network. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 58(4), 2311-2322.
Zheng Y, & Zebker, H. A. (2017). Phase Correction of Single-Look Complex Radar Images for User-Friendly Efficient Interferogram Formation," in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 2694-2701, June 2017, doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2697861
Zheng, Z., Xie, C., He, Y., Zhu, M., Huang, W., & Shao, T. (2022). Monitoring Potential Geological Hazards with Different InSAR Algorithms: The Case of Western Sichuan. Remote Sensing, 14(9), 2049. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092049
Zhewei, L, M., Cao, Y., Mu, M., He, X., & Wei, J. (2022). Mitigation of time-series InSAR turbulent atmospheric phase noise: A review, Geodesy and Geodynamics, (13). Doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2021.12.002.
Zhong, J., Li, Q., Zhang, J., Luo, P., & Zhu, W. (2024). Risk Assessment of Geological Landslide Hazards Using D-InSAR and Remote Sensing. Remote Sensing, 16(2), 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020345.
Zhou, X., Chang, Ni-Bin., & Li, Shusun. (2009). Applications of SAR Interferometry in Earth and Environmental Science Research. Sensors. 9. 1876-1912. 10.3390/s90301876.
Zhu, M., Yu, X., &Tan, H. (2024). High-precision monitoring and prediction of mining area surface subsidence using SBAS-InSAR and CNN-BiGRU-attention model. Sci Rep 14, 28968. Doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80446-7
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Nigerian Journal of Technological Development
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
In accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976, which became effective January 1, 1978, the following statement signed by each author must accompany the manuscript submitted: "I, the undersigned author, transfer all copyright ownership of the manuscript referenced above to the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, in the event the work is published. I warrant that the article is original, does not infringe upon any copyright or other proprietary right of any third party, is not under consideration by another journal, and has not been published previously. I have reviewed and approved the submitted version of the manuscript and agree to its publication in the Nigerian Journal of Technological Development." A copyright transfer form can be downloaded from the NJTD Website (http://njtd.com.ng/index.php/njtd). Author(s) will be consulted, whenever possible, regarding republication of material. All authors must have access to the data presented, and the authors and sponsor (if applicable) must agree to share original data with the editor if requested.
